how many minerals are known to be essential for human nutrition

HESI LPN

HESI PN Nutrition Practice Exam

1. How many minerals are known to be essential for human nutrition?

A. 8
B. 12
C. 16
D. 20

Correct answer: C

Rationale: There are 16 essential minerals required for human nutrition. These minerals include calcium, potassium, iron, and others. Choice A (8) is incorrect as it underestimates the number of essential minerals. Choice B (12) is also incorrect as it does not encompass the full count of essential minerals. Choice D (20) is incorrect as it overestimates the number of essential minerals.

2. What should be included in the medical management of a sickle cell crisis?

A. Information for parents on home care
B. Adequate hydration and pain management
C. Pain management and iron supplements
D. Adequate oxygenation and factor VIII

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adequate hydration and pain management. During a sickle cell crisis, it is essential to provide hydration to prevent vaso-occlusive events and manage pain effectively with analgesics. Adequate hydration helps maintain blood flow and prevent further sickling of red blood cells. Pain management is crucial to alleviate the severe pain associated with sickle cell crises. Options A, C, and D are incorrect. Providing information for parents on home care (Option A) may be important for ongoing management but is not specific to an acute crisis. Iron supplements (Option C) are not typically indicated during a sickle cell crisis. Adequate oxygenation and factor VIII (Option D) are not primary interventions for managing a sickle cell crisis; instead, oxygen therapy may be considered in severe cases, and factor VIII is not a standard treatment for sickle cell disease.

3. What is a key intervention for a child with a new diagnosis of asthma?

A. Provide a peak flow meter
B. Limit all physical activity
C. Increase dairy consumption
D. Recommend frequent use of nasal decongestants

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Provide a peak flow meter. Providing a peak flow meter is crucial for a child with a new diagnosis of asthma as it helps monitor asthma control and manage symptoms by tracking changes in airflow. This device assists in assessing how well the lungs are functioning and guides treatment decisions. Limiting all physical activity (choice B) is not recommended as regular exercise can actually help improve lung function in asthmatic children. Increasing dairy consumption (choice C) is not a key intervention for asthma, and recommending frequent use of nasal decongestants (choice D) is not suitable for asthma management in children.

4. In what position should infants be placed to sleep to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

A. Right side-lying
B. Left side-lying
C. Prone
D. Supine

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends placing infants on their backs (supine) to sleep to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This position has been shown to decrease the likelihood of SIDS occurrence. Placing infants on their right or left side (choices A and B) or prone (choice C) can increase the risk of SIDS as it may obstruct the infant's airway or lead to overheating, which are known risk factors for SIDS.

5. How does a double-blind experiment work?

A. Both subject groups take turns receiving each treatment.
B. Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental group.
C. Neither group of subjects knows whether they are in the control or experimental group, but the researchers do not know.
D. Both subject groups know whether they are in the control or experimental group, but the researchers do not know.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. In a double-blind experiment, neither the subjects nor the researchers know which subjects are in the control or experimental group. This helps to eliminate bias and ensure that the results are more objective. Choice A is incorrect as in a double-blind experiment, subjects do not take turns receiving each treatment; it is about masking the treatment allocation. Choice C is incorrect because it implies that the researchers are aware of the group allocation, which goes against the principle of blinding in a double-blind study. Choice D is incorrect as both subject groups should not know whether they are in the control or experimental group to maintain the blindness of the study.