Nursing Elites

1. Bone is primarily composed of which of the following inorganic materials?

• A. calcium
• B. magnesium
• C. collagen
• D. potassium

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Bone is primarily composed of calcium, making up about 70% of its inorganic content. Calcium is essential for bone strength and structure, playing a key role in maintaining bone health. Choice B, magnesium, while important for bone health, is found in smaller amounts in bones compared to calcium. Choice C, collagen, is a protein and is a major organic component of bone, not an inorganic material. Choice D, potassium, is an essential mineral for various bodily functions but is not a primary inorganic material found in bones.

2. What occurs in each of the three phases of the uterine cycle?

• A. Proliferative: uterine lining thickens
• B. Secretory: ovulation occurs
• C. Menstrual: uterine lining sheds
• D. Proliferative: uterine lining thickens

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. In the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, the uterine lining thickens in preparation for a possible pregnancy. Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the cycle. The menstrual phase is when the uterine lining sheds if pregnancy has not occurred. Choice A is a duplicate of the correct answer. Choice B is incorrect as ovulation occurs during the mid-cycle, which is the ovulatory phase, not the secretory phase. Choice C is incorrect because the uterine lining sheds during the menstrual phase, not the secretory phase.

3. Deuterium, a stable isotope of hydrogen, has a nucleus containing:

• A. A single proton
• B. A proton and a neutron
• C. Two protons and an electron
• D. Two neutrons

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Deuterium, as an isotope of hydrogen, has an atomic number of 1 and a mass number of 2. The nucleus of deuterium contains one proton (as in all hydrogen atoms) and one neutron, totaling 2 nucleons in the nucleus. Therefore, the correct answer is that deuterium's nucleus contains a proton and a neutron. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Deuterium is not just a single proton (A), doesn't have two protons and an electron (C), and doesn't contain two neutrons (D). The correct composition of deuterium's nucleus is one proton and one neutron.

4. Which of the following nutrients is correctly matched with its foundational components?

• A. Carbohydrates are formed when glucose molecules bond together.
• B. Lipids consist of fatty acids and glycerol.
• C. Nucleic acids consist of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate groups.
• D. Proteins consist of strings of amino acids.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Proteins consist of strings of amino acids. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins, and they are linked together in a specific sequence to form a protein structure. This is a correct match between the nutrient (proteins) and its foundational components (amino acids). Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately match the foundational components of the respective nutrients. Carbohydrates are not formed by glucose molecules bonding together; they are made up of sugar molecules. Lipids consist of fatty acids and glycerol, but they are not nutrients typically associated with bonding for formation. Nucleic acids do consist of nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate groups, but they are not the correct match for the question.

5. Which of the following organs is NOT directly involved in urine production?

• A. Kidneys
• B. Urethra
• C. Lungs
• D. Bladder

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Urethra. The urethra is not directly involved in urine production. It is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste and excess substances from the blood to produce urine. The bladder stores urine until it is expelled from the body. The lungs are not involved in urine production; they are responsible for gas exchange during respiration. Choice A, Kidneys, is directly involved in urine production by filtering the blood to form urine. Choice C, Lungs, plays a role in respiration and oxygen exchange but is not directly involved in urine production. Choice D, Bladder, stores urine before it is excreted from the body and is directly involved in the final stages of urine elimination, unlike the urethra.

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