Nursing Elites

1. Which type of white blood cell directly attacks and destroys pathogens like bacteria and viruses?

• A. Neutrophils
• B. Lymphocytes
• C. Monocytes
• D. Eosinophils

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system's response to infections. They are phagocytes, meaning they engulf and destroy pathogens like bacteria and viruses. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are known for their rapid response to infections, making them the primary cell type that directly attacks and destroys pathogens. Lymphocytes, although important in adaptive immunity, are not primarily responsible for directly attacking and destroying pathogens. Monocytes are involved in phagocytosis and immune response regulation but are not the primary cell type for direct pathogen destruction like neutrophils. Eosinophils are mainly involved in combating multicellular parasites and are not the primary cell type for targeting bacteria and viruses.

2. What role does DNA play in evolution?

• A. It stores genetic information that can be passed on to offspring.
• B. It allows for mutations that can introduce new variations.
• C. It regulates the expression of genes that influence traits.
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) DNA stores genetic information that is passed on from parents to offspring through the process of reproduction. This genetic information contains instructions for the development and functioning of an organism. It serves as the hereditary material that carries the blueprint for an organism's traits and characteristics, allowing for the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next. B) DNA can undergo mutations, which are changes in the genetic sequence. These mutations can introduce new variations in the DNA, leading to genetic diversity within a population. These variations are essential for natural selection and adaptation to changing environments. C) DNA plays a crucial role in regulating the expression of genes. Gene expression determines which proteins are produced in an organism, influencing its traits and characteristics. By controlling gene expression, DNA contributes to the development and maintenance of an organism's traits. D) Therefore, DNA is involved in all of the above processes, making it a key factor in evolution by driving genetic variation, inheritance, and gene expression. The interplay of these functions allows for the diversity and adaptation of species over time, shaping the evolutionary process.

3. What type of chemical bond connects the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water?

• A. Static bond
• B. Aquatic bond
• C. Ionic bond
• D. Covalent bond

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Covalent bond. Covalent bonds are formed between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule. In a water molecule, each hydrogen atom forms a covalent bond with the oxygen atom, sharing electrons to achieve a stable configuration. Static bond (choice A) and Aquatic bond (choice B) are not valid types of chemical bonds. Ionic bond (choice C) involves the transfer of electrons between atoms of different electronegativities, which is not the case between oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule.

4. What is the term for the number of moles of solute per liter of solution?

• A. Molarity
• B. Molality
• C. Normality
• D. Concentration

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Molarity is the correct term for the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. It is expressed as moles of solute divided by liters of solution. Molality (B) is similar but is moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Normality (C) is the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution, and Concentration (D) is a general term for the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solution. Therefore, the correct answer is A, molarity, as it specifically refers to moles of solute per liter of solution.

5. Which respiratory structure is responsible for the humidification and warming of inhaled air?

• A. Trachea
• B. Larynx
• C. Nasal passages
• D. Bronchi

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The nasal passages are responsible for humidifying and warming inhaled air before it reaches the lungs. The mucous membranes in the nasal passages help add moisture to the air and warm it to body temperature. This process is crucial for protecting the lung tissues from potential damage caused by cold and dry air, ensuring optimal conditions for respiration. The trachea (Choice A) is responsible for conducting air to and from the lungs, the larynx (Choice B) is involved in sound production and protecting the airway during swallowing, and the bronchi (Choice D) are the branches of the trachea that further divide to deliver air to the lungs but are not primarily responsible for humidifying and warming inhaled air.

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