Nursing Elites

1. Which test is commonly used to assess kidney function?

• A. Complete blood count (CBC)
• B. Blood sugar test
• C. Urinalysis
• D. Creatinine clearance test

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The creatinine clearance test is commonly used to assess kidney function. Creatinine, a waste product produced by muscles, is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys. The creatinine clearance test measures how efficiently the kidneys clear creatinine from the blood. Abnormal levels of creatinine in the blood can indicate kidney dysfunction, making this test crucial for evaluating kidney function. Choice A, a complete blood count (CBC), provides information about different blood cells and is not a specific test for kidney function. Choice B, a blood sugar test, assesses glucose levels in the blood and is not directly related to kidney function. Choice C, a urinalysis, evaluates the contents of urine and can provide information about kidney health but is not as specific for assessing kidney function as the creatinine clearance test.

2. Which muscle has involuntary cells that are branched and striated and connected by intercalated discs with gap junctions?

• A. Smooth muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Skeletal muscle
• D. Epithelial muscle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle cells fit the description provided in the question; they are involuntary, striated, and branched, with intercalated discs containing gap junctions that allow for synchronized contractions of the heart. Smooth muscle (choice A) lacks striations and is found in the walls of internal organs. Skeletal muscle (choice C) is voluntary and attaches to bones for movement. 'Epithelial muscle' (choice D) is not a valid muscle type, making it an incorrect choice.

3. What makes bone resistant to shattering?

• A. The calcium salts deposited in the bone
• B. The collagen fibers
• C. The bone marrow and network of blood vessels
• D. The intricate balance of minerals and collagen fibers

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Bone is resistant to shattering due to the intricate balance of minerals and collagen fibers. The minerals provide strength to the bone, while the collagen fibers offer flexibility. This combination ensures that bone is a robust and resilient tissue. Choice A (The calcium salts deposited in the bone) is incorrect as calcium salts alone do not provide the necessary flexibility for bone to withstand shattering. Choice B (The collagen fibers) is partially correct as collagen fibers contribute to the flexibility of bone but alone are not sufficient for resistance to shattering. Choice C (The bone marrow and network of blood vessels) is incorrect as they do not directly contribute to the physical resistance of bone to shattering.

4. Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, regulates calcium levels in the blood by enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines and reducing calcium loss in the kidneys?

• A. Calcitonin
• B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• C. Thyroxine
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Calcitonin is the hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates calcium levels in the blood. It enhances calcium absorption in the intestines and reduces calcium loss in the kidneys. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) operates oppositely to calcitonin by increasing calcium levels in the blood. Thyroxine is a thyroid gland hormone that primarily regulates metabolism, not calcium levels. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, is responsible for controlling blood sugar levels, not calcium levels. Therefore, the correct answer is Calcitonin as it specifically targets calcium regulation in the body.

5. An FBI agent has spent her career studying individual serial killers. From this data, she creates a theory about the traits of these killers. What type of reasoning has she used?

• A. Deductive Reasoning
• B. Conductive Reasoning
• C. Quantitative Reasoning
• D. Inductive Reasoning

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Inductive Reasoning. Inductive reasoning involves drawing a general conclusion from specific observations or data, which fits the scenario described where the FBI agent has studied individual serial killers and formulated a theory about their traits based on this specific data. Deductive reasoning (choice A) starts with general information and applies it to a specific case, which is not the case here. Conductive reasoning (choice B) and quantitative reasoning (choice C) are not relevant to the scenario provided.

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