Nursing Elites

1. Which part of the nervous system controls the 'fight or flight' response?

• A. Central nervous system
• B. Peripheral nervous system
• C. Autonomic nervous system
• D. Sympathetic nervous system

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the sympathetic nervous system. It controls the 'fight or flight' response by preparing the body for stressful situations. The central nervous system (Choice A) consists of the brain and spinal cord but does not directly control the 'fight or flight' response. The peripheral nervous system (Choice B) includes nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, while the autonomic nervous system (Choice C) regulates involuntary bodily functions but is not specific to the 'fight or flight' response.

2. What is the term for a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a mitochondrial gene?

• A. Autosomal dominant disorder
• B. Autosomal recessive disorder
• C. Sex-linked disorder
• D. Mitochondrial disorder

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Autosomal dominant disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one copy of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. B) Autosomal recessive disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in both copies of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. C) Sex-linked disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in genes located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y). It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. D) Mitochondrial disorder: Mitochondrial disorders are genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes located in the mitochondria, the energy-producing structures within cells. These disorders are inherited maternally and can affect various organs and systems in the body due to the role of mitochondria in energy production.

3. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?

• A. Dissolving sugar in water
• B. Boiling water
• C. Rusting iron
• D. Crushing ice

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rusting iron is an example of a chemical change because it involves a chemical reaction where iron reacts with oxygen in the presence of water to form iron oxide (rust). This reaction results in a change in the chemical composition of the iron, unlike dissolving sugar in water, boiling water, or crushing ice, which are physical changes. Dissolving sugar in water is a physical change as sugar molecules remain unchanged but disperse in water. Boiling water is also a physical change as water changes its state from liquid to gas due to heat. Crushing ice is a physical change as the solid ice changes its physical form without altering its chemical composition.

4. What are the three main types of blood vessels?

• A. Arteries, veins, capillaries
• B. Arteries, capillaries, bronchioles
• C. Veins, arteries, bronchioles
• D. Veins, arteries, alveoli

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Arteries, veins, capillaries. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart, and capillaries facilitate the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and tissues. Choice B is incorrect because bronchioles are not blood vessels but part of the respiratory system. Choice C is incorrect as it lists veins before arteries, which is not the standard order in anatomy. Choice D is incorrect as alveoli are small air sacs in the lungs, not blood vessels.

5. Which type of energy is possessed by an object due to its position or configuration?

• A. Kinetic energy
• B. Thermal energy
• C. Potential energy
• D. Electrical energy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Potential energy is the energy that an object possesses due to its position or configuration. It is considered stored energy that can be converted into other forms of energy to do work. When an object is lifted against gravity or compressed, it gains potential energy. Kinetic energy, the incorrect choice A, is the energy of motion possessed by an object. Thermal energy, the incorrect choice B, is related to the temperature of an object due to the motion of its particles. Electrical energy, the incorrect choice D, is related to the flow of electric charge in a circuit or system. Therefore, the correct answer is potential energy as it is associated with an object's position or configuration.

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