Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is an example of adaptive immunity?

• A. Inflammation
• B. Fever
• C. Antibodies
• D. Phagocytosis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Antibodies are produced by the adaptive immune system in response to specific antigens. They play a crucial role in targeting and neutralizing pathogens, providing long-lasting immunity against future infections. In contrast, options A (inflammation), B (fever), and D (phagocytosis) are examples of innate immunity, the body's immediate, non-specific defense mechanisms. Inflammation is a response to tissue damage, fever is a systemic response to infection, and phagocytosis is a process where cells engulf and digest pathogens, all part of the innate immune response.

2. Bile, stored in the gallbladder, aids in the digestion of which nutrient?

• A. Carbohydrates
• B. Proteins
• C. Fats
• D. Vitamins

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aids in the digestion of fats. Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets to increase the efficiency of fat digestion by enzymes like lipase. This process enhances the absorption of fats in the small intestine, facilitating the body's utilization of essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. Carbohydrates are primarily broken down by enzymes like amylase, proteins by pepsin and other proteases, and vitamins have varying digestion and absorption processes, which do not involve bile. Therefore, the correct answer is fats as they are directly influenced by bile in the digestion process.

3. Which of the following substances is a common base found in household products?

• A. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
• B. Ammonia (NH₃)
• C. Vinegar
• D. Lemon juice

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Ammonia (NH₃). Ammonia is commonly found in household products and is used in cleaning agents due to its alkaline properties. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a common salt and not a base. Vinegar is acetic acid, which is acidic in nature. Lemon juice contains citric acid, making it acidic as well. Therefore, ammonia is the only base among the choices provided.

4. When sugar is heated, it breaks down into carbon and water vapor. This is an example of a:

• A. Combination reaction
• B. Decomposition reaction
• C. Double displacement reaction
• D. Single displacement reaction

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Decomposition reaction. When sugar is heated, it undergoes a decomposition reaction where it breaks down into simpler substances, carbon, and water vapor. In a decomposition reaction, a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. This process is the opposite of a combination reaction where two or more substances combine to form a new compound. Choice A, Combination reaction, is incorrect because a combination reaction involves the combination of two or more substances to form a new compound, which is the opposite of what happens when sugar breaks down. Choices C and D, Double displacement reaction and Single displacement reaction, are incorrect as they involve different mechanisms where the atoms or ions of the reactants are exchanged, which is not the case in the breakdown of sugar into carbon and water vapor.

5. What type of immunity is acquired through vaccination?

• A. Passive natural immunity
• B. Active natural immunity
• C. Active artificial immunity
• D. Passive artificial immunity

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Active artificial immunity. Vaccination introduces a weakened or inactive form of the pathogen to stimulate the immune system, leading to the development of immunity. Active artificial immunity is the result of deliberate exposure to an antigen, such as through vaccination, to produce an immune response. Passive immunity, like receiving pre-formed antibodies, does not involve the immune system's activation. Natural immunity is typically acquired through exposure to the pathogen itself, not through vaccination.

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