Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is an example of a nosocomial infection?

• A. The common cold contracted from a family member
• B. A urinary tract infection (UTI) acquired during a catheterization
• C. A fungal skin infection from contaminated soil
• D. Food poisoning from undercooked chicken

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A nosocomial infection, also known as a healthcare-associated infection (HAI), is an infection that is acquired in a healthcare setting. In this case, a UTI acquired during a catheterization procedure is a classic example of a nosocomial infection. Catheterization involves the insertion of a tube into the urinary tract, which can introduce bacteria into the urinary system and lead to an infection. Nosocomial infections are a significant concern in healthcare settings due to the potential for increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Let's review the other options: A) The common cold contracted from a family member - This is not a nosocomial infection as it is acquired outside of a healthcare setting. C) A fungal skin infection from contaminated soil - This is not a nosocomial infection as it is acquired from environmental exposure, not in a healthcare setting.

2. Which of the following is an effect of high blood pressure?

• A. Smoking
• B. Excessive dietary salt
• C. Renal vessel damage
• D. Older age

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Renal vessel damage. High blood pressure can lead to damage in blood vessels throughout the body, including the kidneys. When blood vessels in the kidneys are affected, it can impair kidney function and potentially lead to kidney disease. Smoking (Choice A) and excessive dietary salt (Choice B) can contribute to high blood pressure but are not direct effects of high blood pressure itself. Older age (Choice D) is a risk factor for developing high blood pressure but is not a direct effect of high blood pressure.

3. Identify the INCORRECT function of the liver.

• A. Bile production to aid digestion.
• B. Synthesis of blood proteins, such as albumin.
• C. Storage of glucose for energy regulation.
• D. Filtration of waste products from the blood.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Correct - The liver produces bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. B) Correct - The liver is responsible for synthesizing blood proteins, including albumin, which helps maintain osmotic pressure in the blood. C) Correct - The liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen and helps regulate blood sugar levels by releasing glucose when needed. D) Incorrect - The liver does not filter waste products from the blood. Instead, the kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and excreting them in the form of urine.

4. Tendonitis is an inflammation of which part of the body?

• A. Muscles
• B. Tendons
• C. Ligaments
• D. Cartilage

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Tendonitis specifically refers to the inflammation of tendons, which are the thick cords that connect muscles to bones. The correct answer is tendons. Choice A, muscles, are not affected in tendonitis, but rather in myositis, which is the inflammation of muscles. Ligaments (Choice C) connect bones to other bones, while cartilage (Choice D) is a smooth and flexible tissue that covers the ends of bones at a joint. Therefore, the correct term for inflammation of tendons is tendonitis.

5. Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with the feeling of happiness and well-being?

• A. Dopamine
• B. Serotonin
• C. GABA
• D. Acetylcholine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter known for its role in mood regulation, promoting feelings of happiness and well-being. It helps regulate emotions, sleep, and appetite. Low levels of serotonin have been linked to conditions like depression and anxiety. Choice A, Dopamine, is more associated with pleasure and reward pathways in the brain. GABA (Choice C) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in reducing neuronal excitability, not primarily linked to happiness. Acetylcholine (Choice D) is involved in muscle contraction and has functions related to memory and attention, but it is not primarily associated with feelings of happiness and well-being.

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