Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is a MAJOR consequence of a stroke?

• A. Irregular heart rhythm.
• B. Rapid weight gain or loss.
• C. Brain damage due to interrupted blood flow.
• D. Chronic fatigue and muscle weakness.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A major consequence of a stroke is brain damage due to interrupted blood flow. Strokes occur when blood flow to the brain is blocked or reduced, leading to the death of brain cells. This interruption in blood flow results in brain damage, which can cause physical and cognitive impairments such as paralysis, speech difficulties, memory problems, and sensory disturbances. The severity and location of the stroke determine the extent of the consequences experienced by the individual. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Irregular heart rhythm is not a direct consequence of a stroke but may occur as a complication. Rapid weight gain or loss and chronic fatigue with muscle weakness are not typically considered major consequences of a stroke, which primarily affects the brain due to interrupted blood flow.

2. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process in the brain associated with:

• A. Sensory perception
• B. Memory formation
• C. Muscle control
• D. Emotional regulation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process in the brain strongly associated with memory formation. It involves the strengthening of synapses between neurons, which is crucial for learning and memory. Sensory perception, muscle control, and emotional regulation are not directly related to LTP. Sensory perception involves the detection and processing of sensory information, muscle control pertains to movement coordination, and emotional regulation refers to the management of emotions, none of which are primarily influenced by LTP.

3. Which of the following equations represents a redox reaction?

• A. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
• B. Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
• C. 2NaCl → 2Na + Cl2
• D. CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A redox reaction involves the transfer of electrons between reactants. In option B, Zn loses electrons to form Zn2+ while H+ gains electrons to form H2. This exchange of electrons demonstrates a redox reaction, making choice B the correct answer. In options A, C, and D, there is no clear transfer of electrons between the reactants, indicating that they are not redox reactions. Option A represents a synthesis reaction, option C represents a decomposition reaction, and option D represents a combustion reaction. These types of reactions do not involve the transfer of electrons between reactants, unlike a redox reaction.

4. What cells compose the epidermis?

• A. Keratinocytes
• B. Epithelial cells
• C. Fibroblasts
• D. Melanocytes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A - Keratinocytes. The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes, which are a type of epithelial cell. Keratinocytes synthesize the protein keratin, providing protection against physical damage and water loss. While epithelial cells are correct, specifying keratinocytes is more precise. Fibroblasts are not the main cell type in the epidermis; they are found in the dermis, where they produce collagen and other extracellular matrix components. Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin pigment in the skin and are also present in the epidermis, but they are not the predominant cell type like keratinocytes.

5. What protein complex controls the progression of mitosis through its activation and degradation?

• A. Ribosome
• B. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)
• C. Centriole
• D. Microtubule

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) Ribosome: Ribosomes are cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis and are not directly involved in controlling the progression of mitosis. B) Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK): CDKs are a family of protein kinases that regulate the cell cycle, including the progression of mitosis. CDK activity is controlled by cyclins, which bind to CDKs to activate them at specific points in the cell cycle. The activation and degradation of cyclins regulate the activity of CDKs, which in turn control the progression of mitosis. C) Centriole: Centrioles are involved in organizing the microtubules of the mitotic spindle but do not directly control the progression of mitosis. D) Microtubule: Microtubules are structural components of the cytoskeleton and are involved in various cellular processes, including mitosis, but they do not control

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