Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal medulla and prepares the body for a stressful situation?

• A. Testosterone
• B. Cortisol
• C. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• D. Growth hormone

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine (adrenaline). Epinephrine is produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for preparing the body for a stressful situation. It increases heart rate, dilates airways, and mobilizes energy stores to help the body respond to a fight-or-flight scenario. Testosterone (Choice A) is a sex hormone produced by the testes in males and in smaller amounts by the ovaries in females, not by the adrenal medulla. Cortisol (Choice B) is a stress hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Growth hormone (Choice D) is produced by the pituitary gland and is involved in growth, metabolism, and various bodily functions, not by the adrenal medulla.

2. Why is biodiversity important for healthy ecosystems?

• A. Increases stability and resilience to disturbances
• B. Provides stability and resilience to disturbances
• C. Slows down nutrient cycling
• D. Reduces the number of decomposers

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms in a particular area. A diverse ecosystem is better able to withstand and recover from disturbances such as natural disasters, climate change, or human impacts. This is because different species play unique roles in the ecosystem, and a higher level of biodiversity means there are more species available to fulfill these roles. For example, if one species is negatively affected by a disturbance, other species may be able to compensate for its loss, maintaining the overall functioning of the ecosystem. Therefore, biodiversity provides stability and resilience to disturbances, making ecosystems healthier and more sustainable. Choice A is incorrect because biodiversity doesn't increase competition for resources but rather helps in maintaining a balance within the ecosystem. Choice C is incorrect as biodiversity does not slow down nutrient cycling; in fact, it enhances nutrient cycling by ensuring a variety of species involved in the process. Choice D is incorrect as biodiversity does not reduce the number of decomposers but instead supports a diverse community of decomposers that are essential for nutrient recycling in ecosystems.

3. What is the primary function of tight junctions, specialized regions between animal cells?

• A. Communication between cells
• B. Anchorage between cells
• C. Selective passage of materials
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Selective passage of materials. Tight junctions act as specialized structures between animal cells that create a barrier to the passage of materials. Their primary function is to prevent the leakage of extracellular fluid and control the selective passage of molecules between cells. This selective control is crucial in regulating the movement of substances across cell layers. Tight junctions do not directly facilitate communication between cells or provide anchorage between cells, as their main role is to regulate the passage of materials. Choices A and B are incorrect as tight junctions do not primarily serve for communication or anchorage between cells.

4. What is the scientific unit used to measure the radioactivity of a substance?

• A. Becquerel (Bq)
• B. Joule (J)
• C. Newton (N)
• D. Kelvin (K)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Becquerel (Bq). The Becquerel (Bq) is the scientific unit used to measure the radioactivity of a substance. It is named after Henri Becquerel, who discovered radioactivity. The Joule (J) is the unit of energy, Newton (N) is the unit of force, and Kelvin (K) is the unit of temperature. When measuring radioactivity, the Becquerel is used to quantify the rate of radioactive decay in a substance. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they represent units for energy, force, and temperature, respectively, not radioactivity.

5. What is the main role of the large intestine in digestion?

• A. Absorbing proteins
• B. Absorbing carbohydrates
• C. Absorbing fats
• D. Absorbing water

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The main role of the large intestine in digestion is to absorb water. When food reaches the large intestine, most nutrients have already been absorbed by the small intestine. In the large intestine, water is absorbed from the remaining undigested food, helping to form solid waste (feces). Absorbing proteins, carbohydrates, or fats primarily occurs in the small intestine, not in the large intestine. Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect.

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