Nursing Elites

1. What type of energy is stored in food?

• A. Mechanical energy
• B. Kinetic energy
• C. Chemical potential energy
• D. Thermal energy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Food stores energy in the form of chemical potential energy. This energy is released during digestion and metabolism to provide the body with the energy it needs to function. It is derived from the bonds within the molecules of food, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Choice A, mechanical energy, is incorrect as food does not store energy in the form of mechanical energy. Choice B, kinetic energy, is incorrect as kinetic energy is associated with the motion of objects, not stored in food. Choice D, thermal energy, is incorrect as thermal energy relates to heat energy, which is not the primary form of energy stored in food.

2. Which of the following is a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in adaptive immunity by seeking out, attacking, and destroying targeted pathogens?

• A. memory B cells
• B. neutrophils
• C. antibodies
• D. cytotoxic T cells

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells are a type of white blood cell that is crucial in adaptive immunity. They are specialized in recognizing and destroying infected or abnormal cells in the body. Neutrophils are primarily involved in innate immunity, providing rapid response to infections. Antibodies are proteins produced by B cells and are essential in specific immune responses, but they do not directly attack pathogens. Memory B cells are part of the adaptive immune response, responsible for mounting a quicker and stronger response upon re-exposure to a pathogen. However, they do not directly seek out and destroy pathogens like cytotoxic T cells do.

3. What is a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland and excessive production of thyroid hormones called?

• A. Diabetes mellitus
• B. Hyperthyroidism
• C. Hypothyroidism
• D. Cushing's syndrome

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland is overactive and produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones. This can lead to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, sweating, and nervousness. Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either insufficient insulin production or the body's inability to respond to insulin. Hypothyroidism is the opposite of hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid gland is underactive and produces insufficient thyroid hormones. Cushing's syndrome is a disorder that occurs when the body has a high level of the hormone cortisol for a long time.

4. Which of the following is the body cavity that contains the urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters?

• A. The thoracic cavity
• B. The pelvic cavity
• C. The abdominal cavity
• D. The spinal cavity

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity houses organs related to the urinary and reproductive systems. The urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters are located in the pelvic cavity, making it the correct choice. The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs, while the abdominal cavity houses organs like the stomach and intestines. The spinal cavity, on the other hand, protects the spinal cord. Therefore, options A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not house the specific organs mentioned in the question.

5. In aerobic respiration, how many ATP molecules are produced per molecule of FADH2?

• A. 1
• B. 2
• C. 3
• D. 4

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 2. During aerobic respiration, each molecule of FADH2 produces 2 ATP molecules. FADH2 enters the electron transport chain and contributes to the generation of ATP. Choice A (1), Choice C (3), and Choice D (4) are incorrect because FADH2 specifically yields 2 ATP molecules per molecule in the process of aerobic respiration.

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