Nursing Elites

1. Isotopes are variants of a single element that differ in:

• A. Having the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons
• B. Having the same number of neutrons but varying numbers of protons
• C. Having the same mass but different atomic numbers
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Isotopes are variants of a single element that have the same number of protons, the defining characteristic of an element. They differ in the number of neutrons they possess, leading to isotopes having different atomic masses while retaining the same chemical properties. Choice B is incorrect because isotopes have the same number of neutrons and differ in the number of protons. Choice C is incorrect because isotopes have different masses due to varying numbers of neutrons, not different atomic numbers. Choice D is incorrect as isotopes do differ in the number of neutrons they possess.

2. Which of the following is NOT a recognized mode of natural selection?

• A. Directional selection (favoring one extreme trait value on a spectrum)
• B. Disruptive selection (favoring both extreme trait values on a spectrum)
• C. Stabilizing selection (favoring the average trait value on a spectrum)
• D. Sexual selection (selection based on mate choice that influences reproductive success)

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Directional selection is a recognized mode of natural selection where one extreme trait value on a spectrum is favored over others, leading to a shift in the average trait value over time. B) Disruptive selection is a recognized mode of natural selection where both extreme trait values on a spectrum are favored over the average trait value, potentially causing the population to split into distinct groups. C) Stabilizing selection is a recognized mode of natural selection favoring the average trait value on a spectrum over extreme values, resulting in reduced genetic diversity. D) Sexual selection differs from traditional natural selection modes as it involves mate choice and competition for mates, not direct selection pressure on traits affecting survival and reproduction in the environment. Sexual selection can drive the evolution of traits enhancing an individual's attractiveness for mating purposes.

3. How can you differentiate between a bacterial and viral infection based solely on symptoms?

• A. It's impossible to differentiate solely based on symptoms.
• B. Bacterial infections typically respond well to antibiotics, while viral infections don't.
• C. Bacterial infections usually cause fever, while viral infections don't.
• D. Viral infections often present with respiratory symptoms like a cough, while bacterial infections don't.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: It is impossible to differentiate between a bacterial and viral infection based solely on symptoms because many symptoms overlap between the two types of infections. Symptoms like fever, cough, and others can be present in both bacterial and viral infections. Additional diagnostic tests such as cultures or blood tests are often needed to determine the cause of the infection accurately. Relying only on symptoms can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they oversimplify the differentiation process and do not encompass the complexity of symptoms associated with bacterial and viral infections. While it is true that bacterial infections may respond to antibiotics and some differences in symptoms may be observed between bacterial and viral infections, these are not definitive indicators without proper diagnostic tests.

4. What is the function of the pharynx?

• A. Allow food and air to pass into the body
• B. Warm and moisten air during inhalation
• C. Create a chest cavity at the base of the lungs
• D. Provide structural support to the alveolar region

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Allow food and air to pass into the body.' The pharynx serves as a common pathway for both food and air. It connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, enabling the passage of both food and air into their respective pathways. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the function of the pharynx. Option B is incorrect because the warming and moistening of air primarily occur in the nasal cavity and not in the pharynx. Option C is incorrect as the creation of a chest cavity is mainly related to the thoracic cavity, not the pharynx. Option D is also incorrect as the structural support to the alveolar region is provided by other structures like the alveoli and surrounding tissues, not the pharynx.

5. Which organ is responsible for filtering waste from the blood?

• A. Kidneys
• B. Pancreas
• C. Liver
• D. Heart

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. The pancreas aids in digestion and regulates blood sugar levels. The liver processes nutrients, detoxifies chemicals, and produces bile. The heart is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Choice B, Pancreas, is incorrect because the pancreas plays a role in digestion and blood sugar regulation, not in filtering waste from the blood. Choice C, Liver, is incorrect as the liver processes nutrients, detoxifies chemicals, and produces bile, but it is not primarily responsible for filtering waste from the blood. Choice D, Heart, is incorrect as the heart's main function is pumping blood throughout the body, not filtering waste from the blood.

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