Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following functions corresponds to the parasympathetic nervous system?

• A. It stimulates the fight-or-flight response.
• B. It increases heart rate.
• C. It stimulates digestion.
• D. It increases bronchiole dilation.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The parasympathetic nervous system is often referred to as the 'rest and digest' system because it promotes activities that occur when the body is at rest, such as digestion. This system helps stimulate digestion by increasing gastrointestinal motility, secretion of digestive enzymes, and blood flow to the digestive organs. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they are functions associated with the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response, increasing heart rate, and dilating bronchioles to facilitate more oxygen intake during stressful situations.

2. What happens to the kinetic energy of an object when its mass is doubled?

• A. Kinetic energy remains the same
• B. Kinetic energy halves
• C. Kinetic energy doubles
• D. Kinetic energy quadruples

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is that the kinetic energy remains the same. Kinetic energy is directly proportional to the mass of an object and the square of its velocity. When the mass is doubled, the kinetic energy would increase if the velocity remains constant. However, in this question, only the mass is mentioned, not the velocity. Therefore, when the mass is doubled, the kinetic energy remains the same as long as the velocity remains constant. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they incorrectly suggest changes in kinetic energy that do not accurately reflect the relationship between mass and kinetic energy described in the question.

3. What property of a substance remains constant regardless of its location in the universe?

• A. Mass
• B. Weight
• C. Density
• D. Volume

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and remains constant regardless of its location in the universe. Weight, on the other hand, is the force of gravity acting on an object and can vary depending on the gravitational pull at different locations. Density and volume can also change based on the environment in which an object is placed, making mass the property that remains constant universally. Therefore, the correct answer is mass. Weight changes with the gravitational force of a particular location, density varies with mass and volume, and volume can change depending on the shape or size of the object.

4. What is hemoglobin?

• A. an enzyme
• B. a protein
• C. a lipid
• D. an acid

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that plays a crucial role in transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and organs in the body. It is composed of four protein subunits, each containing a heme group that binds to oxygen molecules. Choice A is incorrect as hemoglobin is not an enzyme, but rather a protein. Choice C is incorrect as hemoglobin is not a lipid, but a protein. Choice D is incorrect as hemoglobin is not an acid, but a protein.

5. In endocrine regulation, the feedback loop is a critical concept. In a negative feedback loop, high levels of a hormone can result in:

• A. Further stimulating the release of the same hormone
• B. Inhibiting the release of the hormone or its production
• C. Having no effect on the hormone's regulation
• D. Increasing the need for another hormone entirely

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In a negative feedback loop, high levels of a hormone will inhibit the release of the hormone or its production. This mechanism is crucial for maintaining homeostasis by preventing excessive levels of hormones in the body. When a hormone reaches a certain concentration, it triggers the body to decrease its production or release, thereby ensuring a balance within the system. Choice A is incorrect because a negative feedback loop aims to counteract high hormone levels, not further stimulate them. Choice C is incorrect as high hormone levels do have an effect by triggering the feedback loop. Choice D is incorrect as the negative feedback loop operates within the same hormone system rather than increasing the need for an entirely different hormone.

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