Nursing Elites

1. Glial cells support and protect neurons within the central and peripheral nervous system. What are they called?

• A. Astrocytes
• B. Neuroglia
• C. Oligodendrocytes
• D. Schwann cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Astrocytes are a type of glial cell that provide support and protection for neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. While the term 'Neuroglia' is often used to refer to glial cells collectively, in this context, the question specifically asks for the name of the cells, making 'Astrocytes' the correct answer. Choice B, 'Neuroglia,' is a general term for all glial cells, not a specific type. Choices C and D, 'Oligodendrocytes' and 'Schwann cells,' are also types of glial cells but are not the primary cells responsible for supporting and protecting neurons as described in the question.

2. A collection of organs working together to perform a specific physiological function is known as a(n):

• A. Tissue
• B. Organ system
• C. Organelle
• D. Organ

Correct answer: B

Rationale: An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform specific functions in the body. Each organ within the system has a unique role, but they collaborate to achieve a common physiological function. This collaboration allows the body to carry out complex processes efficiently, demonstrating the interconnectedness and interdependence of different organs within the system. Choice A, 'Tissue,' refers to a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function, not a collection of organs. Choice C, 'Organelle,' is a subunit within a cell that has a specific function and is not a collection of organs. Choice D, 'Organ,' is a single structure composed of different tissues that performs a specific function, not a collection of organs working together.

3. Which of the following is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid?

• A. Stearic acid
• B. Palmitic acid
• C. Oleic acid
• D. Butyric acid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Oleic acid is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid because it contains one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain, leading to kinks in the chain structure. This unsaturation gives it a lower melting point compared to saturated fatty acids. Stearic acid (A), Palmitic acid (B), and Butyric acid (D) are examples of saturated fatty acids as they do not contain any double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains, leading to a straight structure and higher melting points.

4. During vigorous exercise, why does the respiratory rate increase?

• A. Meet the increased demand for oxygen in working muscles
• B. Eliminate excess carbon dioxide more slowly
• C. Conserve energy for physical activity
• D. Decrease the amount of oxygen delivered to the body

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During vigorous exercise, the muscles require more oxygen to produce energy for physical activity. The increased respiratory rate helps to deliver more oxygen to the working muscles to meet this demand. This process is essential for sustaining physical activity and preventing fatigue. Choice A is the correct answer as it accurately describes the purpose of the increased respiratory rate during vigorous exercise. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Choice B, 'Eliminate excess carbon dioxide more slowly,' is inaccurate as the primary reason for the increased respiratory rate during exercise is to meet the increased demand for oxygen, not to eliminate carbon dioxide. Choice C, 'Conserve energy for physical activity,' is incorrect because increasing the respiratory rate actually expends energy to meet the oxygen demand of the working muscles. Choice D, 'Decrease the amount of oxygen delivered to the body,' is incorrect as the increased respiratory rate is specifically to deliver more oxygen to the body during exercise.

5. What is the term for the process of a gas changing directly into a solid?

• A. Condensation
• B. Deposition
• C. Sublimation
• D. Evaporation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct term for the process of a gas changing directly into a solid is deposition. During deposition, gas particles lose energy and transition directly into the solid state without passing through the liquid phase. Sublimation, on the other hand, is the process in which a solid changes directly into a gas without going through the liquid phase. Condensation is the process where gas changes into a liquid state. Evaporation, on the contrary, is the conversion of a liquid to a gas. Therefore, the correct answer is B, deposition.

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