Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following best defines the term amphoteric?

• A. A substance that conducts electricity due to ionization when dissolved in a solvent
• B. A substance that can act as an acid or a base depending on the properties of the solute
• C. A substance that, according to the Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory, is a proton-donor
• D. A substance that donates its proton and forms its conjugate base in a neutralization reaction

Correct answer: B

Rationale: An amphoteric substance can act as both an acid or a base depending on the environment. It can donate a proton (act as an acid) or accept a proton (act as a base), showing versatility in its behavior. Choice A is incorrect as it describes an electrolyte rather than an amphoteric substance. Choice C is incorrect as it defines an acid based on the Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory. Choice D is incorrect as it specifically refers to a substance donating a proton in a neutralization reaction, not capturing the dual behavior of an amphoteric substance.

2. Where is the pineal gland located in the body?

• A. Below the larynx
• B. Above the kidney
• C. At the center of the brain hemispheres
• D. At the base of the brain

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The pineal gland is correctly located at the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres. It is a small endocrine gland often referred to as the 'third eye' due to its unique location. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as the pineal gland is not situated below the larynx, above the kidney, or at the base of the brain.

3. Which element's neutral atom has 2 electrons in the first shell and 6 electrons in the second shell of the electron cloud?

• A. Beryllium
• B. Carbon
• C. Helium
• D. Oxygen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is Oxygen. Oxygen has a total of 8 electrons, with 2 in the first shell and 6 in the second shell. This configuration matches the description provided in the question. Choice A, Beryllium, has 2 electrons in total, so it cannot have 2 in the first shell and 6 in the second. Choice B, Carbon, has 6 electrons in total, so it also does not match the given electron distribution. Choice C, Helium, has only 2 electrons in total and therefore does not fit the electron configuration described in the question.

4. Which hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the production of milk in mammary glands during breastfeeding?

• A. Growth hormone (GH)
• B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• C. Prolactin
• D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Prolactin is the hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of milk in mammary glands during breastfeeding. It plays a crucial role in lactation by promoting the development of mammary tissue and the production of milk. Growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) do not directly stimulate milk production in mammary glands. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect in the context of stimulating milk production during breastfeeding.

5. Which of the following is a common property of both acids and bases?

• A. React with metals to produce hydrogen gas
• B. Taste sour
• C. Turn blue litmus paper red
• D. Conduct electricity when dissolved in water

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Both acids and bases can conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Acids ionize in water to produce H+ ions, which can carry an electric current, while bases ionize to produce OH- ions, which also conduct electricity. The other options are not common properties of both acids and bases. Reacting with metals to produce hydrogen gas is characteristic of acids, tasting sour is a property of acids, and turning blue litmus paper red is a property of bases, not a common property shared by both.

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