Nursing Elites

1. If you compare a 1 M solution of NaCl to a 1 M solution of glucose (C6H12O6) in water, which solution would have the higher boiling point?

• A. The NaCl solution
• B. The glucose solution
• C. They would have the same boiling point
• D. It depends on the temperature

Correct answer: A

Rationale: 1. Boiling point elevation: When a solute is added to a solvent, it raises the boiling point of the solution compared to the pure solvent. This phenomenon is known as boiling point elevation. 2. Van't Hoff factor: The extent of boiling point elevation depends on the number of particles the solute dissociates into in the solution. NaCl dissociates into two ions (Na+ and Cl-) in water, while glucose does not dissociate into ions. Therefore, NaCl has a higher Van't Hoff factor than glucose. 3. Colligative properties: Boiling point elevation is a colligative property, meaning it depends on the concentration of the solute particles, not the identity of the solute. Since both NaCl and glucose are 1 M solutions, the NaCl solution will have a higher boiling point due to its higher Van't Hoff factor. 4. Conclusion: The NaCl solution

2. What is the main consequence of a malfunctioning thyroid gland that produces abnormally low levels of thyroid hormones?

• A. Increased energy levels and weight loss
• B. Decreased heart rate and body temperature
• C. Enhanced muscle growth and bone development
• D. Faster metabolism and heightened alertness

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Decreased heart rate and body temperature. A malfunctioning thyroid gland that produces abnormally low levels of thyroid hormones leads to hypothyroidism, resulting in decreased metabolic activity. This reduction in metabolic rate can cause a decreased heart rate and lower body temperature. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because hypothyroidism typically manifests as symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, bradycardia, and decreased body temperature, rather than increased energy levels, enhanced muscle growth, faster metabolism, or heightened alertness.

3. The number of protons in an atom is determined by its:

• A. Atomic mass
• B. Electron configuration
• C. Chemical properties
• D. Atomic number

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The number of protons in an atom is determined by its atomic number. The atomic number represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which also determines the element's identity. Therefore, the correct answer is (D) Atomic number. Choices (A) Atomic mass, (B) Electron configuration, and (C) Chemical properties are not directly related to the number of protons in an atom. Atomic mass is the total mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom. Electron configuration refers to the arrangement of electrons in an atom's energy levels, and chemical properties are determined by the arrangement of electrons in the outermost energy level.

4. Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight?

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Vitamin C
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin E

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight. When the skin is exposed to sunlight, a form of cholesterol in the skin is converted into vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) through a series of chemical reactions. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health. Choice A, Vitamin A, is not synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight; it is obtained through dietary sources. Choice B, Vitamin C, is not synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight either. Vitamin C is obtained through dietary sources like fruits and vegetables. Choice D, Vitamin E, is not synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant and is obtained through dietary sources like nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils.

5. What is the feedback mechanism in the endocrine system that helps maintain hormone balance?

• A. Positive feedback, where a hormone stimulates its own release
• B. Negative feedback, where a hormone suppresses its own release
• C. Cascade effect, where one hormone triggers the release of another
• D. Dual hormone system, where two hormones work together

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In the endocrine system, negative feedback is the mechanism by which hormone levels are regulated. When hormone levels reach a certain threshold, they signal the body to stop producing more of that hormone, thus maintaining a balance. Negative feedback (option B) is the correct answer as it helps in preventing overproduction of hormones by suppressing their own release. Positive feedback (option A) would lead to an excessive production of hormones, disrupting the balance. The cascade effect (option C) involves one hormone triggering the release of another but does not directly regulate hormone levels. The dual hormone system (option D) refers to two hormones working together but does not specifically address the feedback mechanism for maintaining hormone balance.

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