Nursing Elites

1. If the mass of an object remains constant and its velocity doubles, how does its momentum change?

• A. Momentum doubles
• B. Momentum halves
• C. Momentum quadruples
• D. Momentum remains the same

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Momentum is calculated as the product of an object's mass and its velocity. When the mass remains constant and the velocity doubles, the momentum will increase by a factor of 2 (doubling) due to the increase in velocity. Therefore, the momentum will quadruple (2 x 2 = 4) when the velocity doubles. This relationship between momentum and velocity showcases the direct proportionality of momentum to velocity, given a constant mass. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Momentum does not simply double or halve when the velocity doubles; it quadruples as it is directly proportional to the velocity. Hence, the correct answer is C, where momentum quadruples in this scenario.

2. Which of the following is NOT a method of sterilization?

• A. Autoclave
• B. UV light
• C. Chemical disinfectants
• D. Boiling water

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Autoclave: An autoclave is a method of sterilization that uses high pressure and steam to kill microorganisms, making it an effective way to sterilize equipment and materials.\nB) UV light: UV light is a method of sterilization that damages the DNA of microorganisms, preventing them from reproducing and causing infections.\nC) Chemical disinfectants: Chemical disinfectants are used to kill or inactivate microorganisms on surfaces, but they may not always achieve sterilization, which is the complete destruction of all microorganisms.\nD) Boiling water: Boiling water is a method of disinfection rather than sterilization. While boiling water can kill many microorganisms, it may not be effective against all types of bacteria, viruses, and spores, making it unsuitable for achieving sterilization.\n\nTherefore, the correct answer is D) Boiling water, as it is not a method of sterilization.

3. What hormone signals the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas?

• A. Gastrin
• B. Insulin
• C. Glucagon
• D. Secretin

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric acid in the stomach, not digestive enzymes from the pancreas. B) Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, but it does not directly signal the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. C) Glucagon is another hormone produced by the pancreas that works opposite to insulin by increasing blood sugar levels, but it is not involved in signaling the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. D) Secretin is a hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme. It stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize the acidity of the chyme and also triggers the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas to aid in digestion. Therefore, secretin is the hormone that signals the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas.

4. Blood type is a trait determined by multiple alleles, with IA and IB being co-dominant: IA codes for A blood and IB codes for B blood, while i codes for O blood and is recessive to both. If an A heterozygote individual and an O individual have a child, what is the probability that the child will have A blood?

• A. 25%
• B. 50%
• C. 75%
• D. 100%

Correct answer: B

Rationale: If an A heterozygote (IAi) and an O individual (ii) have a child, there is a 50% chance the child will inherit the IA allele and have A blood. The A heterozygote can pass on either the IA or i allele, while the O individual can only pass on the i allele. Therefore, the possible genotypes for the child are IAi (A blood) or ii (O blood), resulting in a 50% chance of the child having A blood. Choice A (25%) is incorrect as it does not take into account the possibility of inheriting the IA allele. Choice C (75%) and Choice D (100%) are incorrect as they overestimate the probability of the child having A blood.

5. The function of synergists can best be described as which of the following? I. They assist primary movers in completing the specific movement II. They stabilize the point of origin and provide extra pull near the insertion III. They help prevent unwanted movement at a joint

• A. I, II
• B. I, III
• C. II, III
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Synergists are muscles that assist the primary movers (agonists) in completing specific movements (I). Additionally, they stabilize the point of origin and provide extra pull near the insertion, aiding in movement efficiency (II). While synergists may contribute to stability, their primary role is to assist in movement rather than prevent unwanted movement at a joint; hence, options I and II offer the most accurate descriptions of their function. Choice B is incorrect because synergists do not primarily help prevent unwanted movement at a joint (III). Choice C is incorrect as it combines stabilization of the point of origin and preventing unwanted movement, which is not the primary function of synergists.

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