Nursing Elites

1. Which neuromuscular system controls voluntary movement?

• A. Autonomic
• B. Somatic
• C. Sympathetic
• D. Parasympathetic

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Somatic. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. It is responsible for carrying sensory and motor information to and from the central nervous system. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The autonomic nervous system (choice A) controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion. The sympathetic (choice C) and parasympathetic (choice D) nervous systems are subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system and are responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response and rest-and-digest functions, respectively.

2. What structures provide comprehensive protection for the brain?

• A. Skull
• B. Meninges (Membranes)
• C. Cerebrospinal fluid
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The brain is a vital organ that requires robust protection, which is provided by a combination of structures. The skull acts as a hard, protective covering for the brain, shielding it from external trauma and injury. The meninges encompass three layers of membranes (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) that envelop the brain and spinal cord, offering additional protection and cushioning. Cerebrospinal fluid, a clear, colorless fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, acts as a shock absorber and provides nutrients to the central nervous system. The combined function of the skull, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid ensures comprehensive protection for the brain, making option D, 'All of the above,' the correct answer. Choices A, B, and C are not individually sufficient to provide comprehensive protection, but together, they form a multi-layered defense system for the brain.

3. What is the protective fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord called?

• A. Blood
• B. Cerebrospinal fluid
• C. Plasma
• D. Myelin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cerebrospinal fluid is the protective fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a cushion to protect these vital organs from injury and provides nutrients to the nervous system. Blood, plasma, and myelin are not the fluids specifically surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Blood is found within blood vessels, plasma is the liquid component of blood, and myelin is a fatty substance that forms a protective sheath around nerve fibers.

4. Which hormone is responsible for milk production in the breasts after childbirth?

• A. Estrogen
• B. Prolactin
• C. Oxytocin
• D. Relaxin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Prolactin is the hormone responsible for milk production in the breasts after childbirth. It is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk. Estrogen aids in the development of breast tissue during pregnancy but is not directly involved in milk production. Oxytocin is responsible for milk ejection during breastfeeding, while Relaxin helps relax uterine muscles during pregnancy but is not directly linked to milk production.

5. Which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction?

• A. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
• B. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
• C. 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
• D. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A decomposition reaction involves a single compound breaking down into two or more simpler substances. In option B, CaCO3 breaks down into CaO and CO2, making it an example of a decomposition reaction. Options A, C, and D involve different types of chemical reactions such as synthesis, combination, and combustion, respectively. Option A represents a synthesis reaction, where two elements combine to form a compound. Option C demonstrates a combination reaction, where two elements combine to form a compound. Option D is an example of a synthesis reaction, where two reactants combine to form a single compound. It is important to recognize the specific characteristics of each type of chemical reaction to identify the correct example of decomposition reaction, where a compound breaks down into simpler products.

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