Nursing Elites

1. Which hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs?

• A. Growth hormone (GH)
• B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• C. Prolactin
• D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is Growth hormone (GH). GH, produced by the pituitary gland, is responsible for stimulating the growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs. It plays a critical role in regulating growth during childhood and adolescence by promoting cell division, protein synthesis, and tissue growth. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) functions to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, while prolactin is involved in milk production. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is primarily responsible for reproductive functions like egg development in females and sperm production in males.

2. What function do ribosomes serve within the cell?

• A. Ribosomes are responsible for cell movement.
• B. Ribosomes aid in protein synthesis.
• C. Ribosomes help protect the cell from its environment.
• D. Ribosomes have enzymes that help with digestion.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ribosomes serve a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating mRNA into proteins. They are not involved in cell movement, protecting the cell from the environment, or aiding in digestion. Choice A is incorrect because ribosomes are not responsible for cell movement. Choice C is incorrect because ribosomes do not primarily protect the cell from its environment. Choice D is incorrect because ribosomes do not have enzymes that aid in digestion.

3. What is the primary function of the liver in the digestive system?

• A. To absorb water
• B. To produce bile
• C. To store glucose
• D. To regulate metabolism

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The liver's main function in the digestive system is to produce bile. Bile helps in the digestion and absorption of fats by emulsifying them, breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets that can be acted upon by digestive enzymes. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the liver's primary role in the digestive system is not to absorb water, store glucose, or regulate metabolism. While the liver does have roles in metabolism and glucose regulation, its key function in digestion is bile production.

4. How do spindle fiber dynamics and microtubule attachment regulate cell cycle checkpoints?

• A. Misaligned chromosomes fail to attach to microtubules, triggering a delay in anaphase onset.
• B. The presence of unattached kinetochores on the centromeres sends a signal to pause cell cycle progression.
• C. Microtubule instability and rapid depolymerization lead to the activation of checkpoint proteins.
• D. All of the above.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Misaligned chromosomes fail to attach to microtubules, triggering a delay in anaphase onset: Proper attachment of chromosomes to spindle fibers is essential for accurate segregation of genetic material during cell division. Misaligned chromosomes that fail to attach to microtubules can lead to delays in anaphase onset, allowing the cell to correct errors before proceeding with division. B) The presence of unattached kinetochores on the centromeres sends a signal to pause cell cycle progression: Kinetochores at the centromeres help attach chromosomes to spindle fibers. When kinetochores are unattached or improperly attached to microtubules, they signal the cell to pause cell cycle progression, ensuring proper chromosome alignment before division. C) Microtubule instability and rapid depolymerization lead to the activation of checkpoint proteins: While microtubule dynamics are crucial for cell division, microtubule instability and rapid depolymerization can disrupt chromosome attachment. However, this mechanism is not directly related to the activation of cell cycle checkpoint proteins, making this statement incorrect. Therefore, choices A and B accurately describe how spindle fiber dynamics and microtubule attachment regulate cell cycle checkpoints, making option D the correct answer.

5. How many neurons typically comprise a sensory pathway?

• A. 1
• B. 2
• C. 3
• D. 4

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A sensory pathway generally consists of three neurons: a first-order neuron, a second-order neuron, and a third-order neuron. The first-order neuron carries sensory information from the periphery to the spinal cord or brainstem. The second-order neuron then transmits this information to the thalamus or cerebellum. Finally, the third-order neuron projects the sensory input to the cerebral cortex for processing and perception. Therefore, the correct answer is 3 (C). Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the typical structure of a sensory pathway involving three neurons.

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