Nursing Elites

1. When is a solution considered saturated?

• A. More solute cannot be dissolved
• B. The solvent starts to evaporate
• C. The solution becomes cloudy
• D. It reaches a specific temperature

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A solution is considered saturated when it has dissolved the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature. At this point, adding more solute will not result in further dissolution, indicating that the solution is saturated. The other choices are incorrect because the solvent evaporating or the solution becoming cloudy are not definitive indicators of a saturated solution. Additionally, reaching a specific temperature does not determine saturation, as the solubility of a solute can vary with temperature. Therefore, the correct answer is that more solute cannot be dissolved in a saturated solution.

2. What happens during expiration?

• A. The diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity expands.
• B. The diaphragm relaxes and the thoracic cavity contracts.
• C. The thoracic cavity expands, increasing pressure.
• D. The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes, causing the thoracic cavity to contract. As the thoracic cavity decreases in size, the pressure inside the lungs increases, leading to air flowing out of the lungs. This process helps to expel carbon dioxide-rich air from the body. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. In choice A, the diaphragm contracting and the thoracic cavity expanding describes inspiration, not expiration. Choice C is incorrect because during expiration, the thoracic cavity actually decreases in size. Choice D is incorrect as the diaphragm moving upward is not a typical movement associated with expiration.

3. What are the small, finger-like projections in the small intestines called?

• A. Cilia
• B. Rugae
• C. Trachea
• D. Villi

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Villi. Villi are small, finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption, aiding in the absorption of nutrients. Cilia (Choice A) are tiny hair-like structures found in various parts of the body but are not present in the small intestine. Rugae (Choice B) are folds in the mucosa of the stomach that allow for its expansion during digestion. The trachea (Choice C) is part of the respiratory system, responsible for carrying air to and from the lungs, and is not related to the small intestine.

4. The brain is part of which system?

• A. Integumentary system
• B. Nervous system
• C. Endocrine system
• D. Respiratory system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The brain is a crucial organ that serves as the command center of the body, making it a key component of the nervous system. It processes sensory information, coordinates movements, and regulates various bodily functions. Therefore, the brain is correctly categorized as part of the nervous system. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the integumentary system pertains to the skin, the endocrine system involves hormone regulation, and the respiratory system is responsible for breathing. These systems do not encompass the brain's functions or structure.

5. The body's first line of defense against pathogens is the innate immune system. Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?

• A. Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes
• B. Phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens
• C. Inflammatory response to isolate and contain infection
• D. Production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen is a function of the adaptive immune system, not the innate immune system. The innate immune system provides immediate, non-specific defense mechanisms against pathogens, including physical barriers, phagocytes, and inflammatory responses. Choices A, B, and C are all correct components of the innate immune system. Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes act as the first line of defense, preventing pathogens from entering the body. Phagocytes are specialized cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, while the inflammatory response helps isolate and contain infections to prevent their spread.

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