Nursing Elites

1. Bile, a yellowish-green fluid, is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion. What is the primary function of bile in digestion?

• A. Break down carbohydrates
• B. Break down proteins
• C. Emulsify fats
• D. Neutralize stomach acid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The primary function of bile in digestion is to emulsify fats. Bile contains bile salts that help break down large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to work on and aiding in the absorption of fats in the small intestine. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because bile's main role is not to break down carbohydrates or proteins, nor to neutralize stomach acid; rather, it primarily assists in the digestion and absorption of fats through emulsification.

2. The pH scale is used to indicate the concentration of:

• A. Hydrogen ions
• B. Oxygen
• C. Salts
• D. Sugar molecules

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The pH scale is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, representing its acidity or basicity. A lower pH value indicates higher hydrogen ion concentration and acidity, while a higher pH value indicates lower hydrogen ion concentration and basicity. Choice A, 'Hydrogen ions,' is the correct answer because the pH scale specifically measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as the pH scale is not used to indicate the concentration of oxygen, salts, or sugar molecules.

3. What are the tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body?

• A. Arterioles
• B. Capillaries
• C. Venules
• D. Veins

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Capillaries. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels that connect arterioles (small arteries) with venules (small veins). They enable the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues. Arterioles are small arteries that carry blood away from the heart, while venules are small veins that carry blood towards the heart. Veins are larger blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart. Therefore, capillaries specifically serve as the vessels responsible for the exchange of substances between the blood and body tissues.

4. What type of immunity does a vaccine provide? Choose only ONE best answer.

• A. Naturally acquired passive immunity
• B. Artificially acquired passive immunity
• C. Naturally acquired active immunity
• D. Artificially acquired active immunity

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Artificially acquired active immunity. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce an active response, leading to the development of immunity against specific pathogens. Choice A, naturally acquired passive immunity, is incorrect as it refers to the temporary immunity passed from mother to child, not through vaccines. Choice B, artificially acquired passive immunity, is also incorrect because passive immunity involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies, not the stimulation of the immune system by vaccines. Choice C, naturally acquired active immunity, is incorrect since it is acquired through natural exposure to pathogens, not through vaccines.

5. Dysentery is an infectious disease caused by which type of microbe?

• A. Helminth
• B. Bacteria
• C. Protozoan
• D. Fungus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bacteria. Dysentery is typically caused by bacterial infections, such as Shigella, Campylobacter, or Escherichia coli. While parasites and protozoa can also cause similar symptoms, bacterial infections are the most common causes of dysentery. Choice A (Helminth) is incorrect as helminths are parasitic worms that typically cause different types of infections. Choice C (Protozoan) is incorrect as some protozoa like Entamoeba histolytica can cause dysentery, but bacterial infections are more common. Choice D (Fungus) is incorrect as fungal infections do not typically cause dysentery.

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