Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following terms refers to the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment?

• A. Growth
• B. Responsiveness
• C. Reproduction
• D. Development

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Responsiveness is the correct term that refers to the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment. In this context, growth is incorrect as it pertains to an increase in size or number, reproduction involves producing offspring, and development refers to the process of growth, maturation, and differentiation of cells and tissues. Therefore, 'Responsiveness' is the most appropriate term for the given description.

2. What is the function of the pleurae?

• A. To compartmentalize and lubricate the lungs
• B. To facilitate the flow of air
• C. To produce mucus
• D. To serve as the passageway for air

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The pleurae play a crucial role in compartmentalizing and lubricating the lungs. The pleura is a double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity. This double-layered structure reduces friction between the lungs and the chest wall during breathing movements, allowing smooth expansion and contraction of the lungs. Options B, C, and D are incorrect. Option B, 'To facilitate the flow of air,' is incorrect because while the pleurae are involved in the respiratory process, their primary function is not to directly facilitate the flow of air. Option C, 'To produce mucus,' is incorrect as the production of mucus is not a primary function of the pleurae. Option D, 'To serve as the passageway for air,' is incorrect as the passageway for air refers to the air passages like the trachea and bronchi, not the pleurae. Therefore, option A is correct as it accurately describes the function of the pleurae.

3. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting which neurotransmitter?

• A. Dopamine
• B. Acetylcholine
• C. Serotonin
• D. Glutamate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in coordinating movement. The reduction of dopamine levels leads to the characteristic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Choice B, acetylcholine, is involved in functions like muscle contraction and autonomic nervous system regulation but is not primarily affected in Parkinson's disease. Serotonin (Choice C) is involved in mood regulation and sleep, not the main neurotransmitter affected in Parkinson's disease. Glutamate (Choice D) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is not primarily implicated in Parkinson's disease pathophysiology.

4. Which term describes the resistance of a substance to being hammered into different shapes?

• A. Viscosity
• B. Ductility
• C. Malleability
• D. Conductivity

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Malleability is the property that allows a substance to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without breaking. It is the opposite of brittleness. Ductility refers to the ability of a material to be drawn into thin wires, not hammered into shapes. Viscosity is the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, indicating how thick or sticky it is, not related to shaping by hammering. Conductivity refers to the ability of a material to conduct electricity or heat, not resistance to being hammered into different shapes.

5. What is the term for the first exposure to a specific pathogen, leading to the development of an initial immune response?

• A. Primary immune response
• B. Secondary immune response
• C. Hypersensitivity reaction
• D. Immunological tolerance

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Primary immune response. The primary immune response refers to the initial encounter with a specific pathogen, which triggers the development of the first immune response by the immune system. This response involves activating immune cells like B cells and T cells to produce antibodies and memory cells specific to that pathogen. On the other hand, the secondary immune response occurs upon re-exposure to the same pathogen and is characterized by a faster, stronger, and more effective immune response due to the presence of memory cells from the primary response. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. The secondary immune response is the response upon re-exposure, hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated immune responses to antigens, and immunological tolerance is the immune system's ability to recognize and tolerate self-antigens without mounting an immune response.

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