Nursing Elites

1. Which hormone is released by the ovaries to mature an egg?

• A. Estrogen
• B. Luteinizing Hormone
• C. Progesterone
• D. Testosterone

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is Estrogen (Choice A). Estrogen is produced by the ovaries and is essential for the maturation of eggs. It plays a crucial role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and preparation of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. Luteinizing Hormone (Choice B) is released by the pituitary gland and plays a role in ovulation, not the maturation of eggs. Progesterone (Choice C) is produced by the ovaries after ovulation and is important for preparing the uterus for pregnancy, not maturing eggs. Testosterone (Choice D) is a male sex hormone primarily produced in the testes, and while small amounts are also produced in the ovaries, it is not the hormone responsible for maturing eggs.

2. What is the primary cause of acne vulgaris, commonly known as acne?

• A. Dry skin
• B. Clogged pores and excess oil production
• C. Bacterial infection alone
• D. Vitamin deficiency

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The primary cause of acne vulgaris is clogged pores and excess oil production. Acne develops when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells, creating an environment for bacteria to thrive, leading to inflammation and acne breakouts. While dry skin, bacterial infection alone, and vitamin deficiency can contribute to acne, they are not the main underlying cause. Therefore, the correct answer is clogged pores and excess oil production, as they form the basis for the development of acne vulgaris.

3. What is the primary composition of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis?

• A. Keratinized dead cells
• B. Melanocytes
• C. Langerhans cells
• D. Merkel cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, is primarily composed of keratinized dead cells. These cells are flattened, fully keratinized, and lack nuclei, serving a protective function for the skin. Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin, providing skin pigmentation. Langerhans cells are involved in the immune response within the skin. Merkel cells are associated with sensory functions in the skin, particularly in touch sensations. Therefore, the correct answer is A as it accurately reflects the main constituent of the stratum corneum, which acts as a barrier against external factors.

4. What is the primary function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?

• A. Filtration of air
• B. Production of mucus
• C. Prevention of food entering the trachea
• D. Oxygen exchange in the alveoli

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The primary function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system is to prevent food from entering the trachea. During swallowing, the epiglottis covers the opening of the trachea, guiding food down the esophagus to the stomach and preventing it from entering the airway. This mechanism safeguards the respiratory system from foreign objects, ensuring proper air passage and avoiding potential choking hazards. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect: A) Filtration of air is mainly performed by the nasal hairs and the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. B) Production of mucus is primarily carried out by the mucous glands in the respiratory system to trap particles and humidify the air. D) Oxygen exchange in the alveoli occurs in the lungs and is related to the process of respiration, not the function of the epiglottis.

5. What information can be obtained from the mass number of an element?

• A. The number of protons in the nucleus
• B. The total number of protons and neutrons
• C. The number of electrons in the valence shell
• D. The element's chemical reactivity

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The mass number of an element represents the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. This information is crucial for determining the atomic mass of the element and understanding its stability and isotopes. The number of protons in the nucleus (option A) is represented by the atomic number, not the mass number. The number of electrons in the valence shell (option C) is related to the element's position in the periodic table and its chemical properties, but it is not directly determined by the mass number. The element's chemical reactivity (option D) is influenced by the number and arrangement of electrons in the atom's energy levels, not by the mass number.

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