Nursing Elites

1. Which cavity contains all of the frontal cavities? Choose only ONE best answer.

• A. Dorsal
• B. Thoracic
• C. Abdominopelvic
• D. Ventral

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ventral. The ventral cavity includes both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The frontal cavities are part of the ventral cavity, which is located towards the front of the body, while the dorsal cavity is towards the back. The dorsal cavity contains the cranial and vertebral cavities, not the frontal cavities. The thoracic cavity is part of the ventral cavity but does not encompass all the frontal cavities. The abdominopelvic cavity is also part of the ventral cavity, but it does not include all of the frontal cavities. Therefore, the ventral cavity is the correct choice as it encompasses all the frontal cavities.

2. Where in the cell are proteins modified, sorted, and packaged for transport?

• A. Ribosomes
• B. Golgi apparatus
• C. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• D. Lysosomes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The Golgi apparatus is the cellular organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for transport within the cell or for secretion outside the cell. Ribosomes are not involved in modifying, sorting, or packaging proteins; they are responsible for protein synthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is primarily involved in protein synthesis and folding, rather than modification and packaging for transport. Lysosomes function in breaking down cellular waste rather than modifying, sorting, or packaging proteins for transport.

3. What controls muscles by sending electrical impulses to the muscles?

• A. Blood vessels
• B. Nerves
• C. Hormones
• D. Neurons

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Nerves control muscles by transmitting electrical impulses that initiate muscle contractions. Blood vessels are responsible for transporting blood, not controlling muscles. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands to regulate bodily functions, not specifically controlling muscles. Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system that transmit signals, but nerves are the specific structures that control muscles by sending electrical impulses.

4. In the electron cloud model, electrons occupy specific energy levels around the nucleus with varying probabilities. This model depicts electrons existing in distinct energy levels, not fixed orbits, with probabilities of finding them in specific regions.

• A. 2 protons and 6 neutrons
• B. 2 filled s orbitals and 6 filled p orbitals
• C. 2s orbitals with 2 and 6 electrons, respectively
• D. 4 filled electron shells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The electron cloud model describes electrons existing in distinct energy levels, not fixed orbits. Option C correctly describes the electron configuration of an atom with 2s orbitals containing 2 electrons and 6 electrons in the 2p orbitals. This configuration aligns with the electron cloud model where electrons are found in specific energy levels with varying probabilities. Options A, B, and D do not accurately represent the electron cloud model.

5. In an oxidation reaction,

• A. an oxidizing agent gains electrons.
• B. an oxidizing agent loses electrons.
• C. a reducing agent gains electrons.
• D. a reducing agent loses electrons.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In an oxidation reaction, the substance being oxidized loses electrons, not gains them. An oxidizing agent is responsible for causing oxidation in another substance by accepting electrons, hence it undergoes reduction and loses electrons. Therefore, the correct statement is 'an oxidizing agent loses electrons,' making choice B the correct answer. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because in an oxidation reaction, the oxidizing agent does not gain electrons, a reducing agent does not gain electrons, and a reducing agent does not lose electrons.

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