Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

• A. Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells don't.
• B. Eukaryotic cells are simpler in structure than prokaryotic cells.
• C. Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells don't.
• D. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack these.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus that contains the genetic material, while prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus. Eukaryotic cells also have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, which are absent in prokaryotic cells.

2. What is the end product of glycolysis?

• A. Lactic acid
• B. ATP
• C. NADPH
• D. Pyruvic acid

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Pyruvic acid. The end product of glycolysis is pyruvic acid, not lactic acid, ATP, or NADPH. Pyruvic acid is a key intermediary in cellular respiration and can be further metabolized to produce energy through processes like the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid is produced in the absence of oxygen during fermentation, ATP is a product of cellular respiration but not the direct end product of glycolysis, and NADPH is generated in other metabolic pathways such as the pentose phosphate pathway, not in glycolysis.

3. What are the four main regions of the stomach?

• A. Pylorus, cecum, fundus, body
• B. Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
• C. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum
• D. Cardia, fundus, body, ileum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus. The four main regions of the stomach are the cardia (where food enters), fundus (upper part), body (largest part), and pylorus (exit part to the small intestine). These regions play specific roles in the digestion process. Choice A is incorrect because the cecum is part of the large intestine, not the stomach. Choice C lists parts of the small intestine, not the stomach. Choice D is incorrect as the ileum is the last part of the small intestine, not a region of the stomach.

4. What is the process by which the body reabsorbs water from the large intestine?

• A. Dehydration
• B. Osmosis
• C. Filtration
• D. Secretion

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Osmosis (Option B) is the correct process by which the body reabsorbs water from the large intestine. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. In the large intestine, water is reabsorbed through osmosis to maintain the body's fluid balance. Dehydration (Option A) refers to the condition of having insufficient water in the body, not the process of water reabsorption in the large intestine. Filtration (Option C) is a process where a liquid or gas passes through a filter to separate the components, not the primary mechanism for water reabsorption in the large intestine. Secretion (Option D) is the release of substances from cells, but it is not the process by which the body reabsorbs water from the large intestine.

5. What is the difference between the atomic number and the mass number of an atom?

• A. The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus, while the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• B. The atomic number is the number of electrons in an atom, while the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• C. The atomic number is the number of neutrons in the nucleus, while the mass number is the total number of protons and electrons in an atom.
• D. The atomic number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, while the mass number is the total number of electrons in an atom.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The atomic number of an atom represents the number of protons in its nucleus, which defines the element's identity. On the other hand, the mass number corresponds to the total sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Therefore, the key distinction between the atomic number and the mass number lies in the fact that the atomic number specifically counts the protons, whereas the mass number encompasses both protons and neutrons. Choice B is incorrect because the atomic number is not related to the number of electrons but rather to the number of protons. Choice C is incorrect because the atomic number is not the number of neutrons but the number of protons. Choice D is incorrect because the atomic number does not include neutrons; it is solely the number of protons.

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