Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following factors would NOT affect the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent?

• A. Temperature
• B. Pressure
• C. Particle size
• D. Nature of the solute and solvent

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pressure does not typically affect the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent. Solubility is primarily influenced by factors such as temperature, particle size, and the nature of the solute and solvent. Increasing pressure generally has a minimal effect on the solubility of solids in liquids. The impact of pressure on solubility is more significant for gases in liquids rather than solids in liquids. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Options A, C, and D directly impact the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent. Temperature affects the solubility as it changes the kinetic energy of particles, particle size can impact the surface area available for interaction between solute and solvent, and the nature of the solute and solvent influences their intermolecular interactions and compatibility.

2. Which white blood cell type is responsible for the initial attack on pathogens?

• A. Red blood cells
• B. Platelets
• C. Phagocytes
• D. Lymphocytes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that is crucial in the initial attack on pathogens. These cells have the ability to engulf and digest foreign particles such as bacteria and viruses, thereby preventing infections. Red blood cells primarily function in oxygen transport, platelets are vital for blood clotting, and lymphocytes are involved in the immune response. However, phagocytes are specifically designed to provide the initial defense against pathogens by directly attacking and eliminating them.

3. Which group of antibiotics targets the cell wall of bacteria?

• A. Penicillins
• B. Tetracyclines
• C. Macrolides
• D. Fluoroquinolones

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Penicillins are a group of antibiotics that target the bacterial cell wall by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a vital component of the cell wall. This inhibition weakens the cell wall, leading to bacterial cell lysis and death. Penicillins are particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria due to their mechanism of action. Tetracyclines (B) inhibit protein synthesis, Macrolides (C) interfere with bacterial ribosomes, and Fluoroquinolones (D) target bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Unlike Penicillins, these antibiotics do not directly target the cell wall of bacteria.

4. Which type of orbital can hold a maximum of 10 electrons?

• A. s orbital
• B. p orbital
• C. d orbital
• D. f orbital

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the f orbital. Each f orbital can hold up to 2 electrons. Since there are 5 f orbitals, the total maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in f orbitals is 10 (2 electrons per orbital x 5 orbitals = 10 electrons). Therefore, the f orbital can hold a maximum of 10 electrons. Choice A, s orbital, is incorrect because it can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. Choice B, p orbital, is incorrect because it can hold a maximum of 6 electrons (3 orbitals x 2 electrons per orbital = 6 electrons). Choice C, d orbital, is incorrect as it can hold a maximum of 10 electrons (5 orbitals x 2 electrons per orbital = 10 electrons), but the question asks for the type of orbital that can hold a maximum of 10 electrons, not the total number of electrons in d orbitals.

5. Which macromolecule serves as the repository of genetic information in all living organisms?

• A. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• B. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• C. Protein
• D. Carbohydrate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: - DNA is the macromolecule that serves as the repository of genetic information in all living organisms. It carries the genetic instructions necessary for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of organisms. - RNA (option A) is involved in various cellular processes, including protein synthesis, but DNA is the primary molecule responsible for storing genetic information. - Proteins (option C) are essential for various cellular functions but do not serve as the primary repository of genetic information. - Carbohydrates (option D) are important for energy storage and structural support but do not store genetic information.

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