Nursing Elites

1. When calcium chloride (CaCl2) dissolves in water, it separates into its ions (Ca2+ and Cl-). This is an example of:

• A. Chemical change
• B. Physical change
• C. Precipitation
• D. Neutralization

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When calcium chloride dissolves in water, it separates into its ions without forming a new substance, which is characteristic of a physical change. A physical change involves alterations in the substance's physical properties without changing its chemical composition. In this scenario, the chemical formula of calcium chloride remains unchanged, and only its physical state changes by creating ions in the solution. Therefore, the dissolution of calcium chloride in water is an example of a physical change. Choice A, 'Chemical change,' is incorrect because no new substances are formed during the dissolution process. Choice C, 'Precipitation,' is incorrect as precipitation involves the formation of an insoluble solid when two solutions react. Choice D, 'Neutralization,' is incorrect as it refers to a reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water, which is not the case in the given scenario.

2. What is the technical term for the free edges of your fingernails and toenails?

• A. Lunula (The lunula is the white crescent moon shape at the base of the nail)
• B. Matrix (The matrix is the area under the nail where new nail cells are produced)
• C. Hyponychium (This is the skin under the free edge of the nail)
• D. Free edge

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, hyponychium. The hyponychium is the skin under the free edge of the nail, responsible for sealing the nail to the fingertip and protecting the nail bed from bacteria and debris. The lunula (choice A) refers to the white crescent moon shape at the base of the nail. The matrix (choice B) is the area under the nail where new nail cells are produced. The free edge (choice D) is the part of the nail that extends beyond the fingertip or toe.

3. Which of the following is NOT a type of epithelium?

• A. Stratified squamous
• B. Simple cuboidal
• C. Stratified columnar
• D. Pseudostratified columnar

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Pseudostratified columnar. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is not a type of epithelium. It is a specialized form of simple columnar epithelium. Stratified squamous, simple cuboidal, and stratified columnar are all types of epithelial tissues found in the human body. Stratified squamous epithelium is found in the skin, mouth, and esophagus; simple cuboidal epithelium lines kidney tubules and glands; stratified columnar epithelium is present in parts of the respiratory tract and male urethra.

4. In the K-capture process, a type of electron capture, from which electron shell does the electron get captured?

• A. The outermost s-orbital
• B. An inner p-orbital
• C. An inner d-orbital
• D. Any available electron shell

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The K-capture process involves the capture of an electron from the innermost electron shell, known as the K-shell. The K-shell comprises s and p orbitals. During the K-capture process, an electron is specifically captured from an inner p-orbital within the K-shell. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because K-capture involves capturing an electron from the innermost shell (K-shell) which consists of s and p orbitals, not the outermost s-orbital, inner d-orbital, or any available electron shell.

5. Which of the following indicates the body's draining of clear fluid throughout the body to protect it from infection?

• A. Pulmonary Loop
• B. Systemic Loop
• C. Lymphatic System
• D. Immune System

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the Lymphatic System. The lymphatic system is responsible for draining clear fluid, known as lymph, throughout the body to protect it from infection. The other choices are incorrect because the pulmonary loop specifically refers to circulation between the heart and lungs, the systemic loop refers to circulation between the heart and the rest of the body, and the immune system is responsible for fighting infections and diseases rather than draining clear fluid.

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