Nursing Elites

1. What is the significance of studying pedigrees in human genetics?

• A. Predicting the exact outcome of genetic crosses in humans.
• B. Tracing the inheritance of complex traits with multiple contributing genes.
• C. Identifying carriers of dominant genetic disorders.
• D. Determining the risk of acquiring a specific mutation de novo.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pedigrees are diagrams that show the relationships within a family and can be used to track the inheritance patterns of specific traits or diseases. While pedigrees can provide information on the inheritance of single gene disorders (such as identifying carriers of dominant genetic disorders, as mentioned in option C), their primary significance lies in studying complex traits with multiple contributing genes. These traits do not follow simple Mendelian inheritance patterns and are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. By analyzing pedigrees, researchers can identify patterns of inheritance for complex traits, such as polygenic diseases or traits influenced by gene-environment interactions. Therefore, option B is the most appropriate choice as it captures the main significance of studying pedigrees in human genetics.

2. Which of the following factors does not strengthen a scientific argument?

• A. Lack of bias
• B. Extensive use of qualitative research and data
• C. Able to be reproduced and repeated by others
• D. Withstands the test of time

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. While qualitative data can provide valuable insights, it does not inherently strengthen a scientific argument to the same extent as quantitative data. Quantitative data is generally more precise, measurable, and easier to verify, making it a stronger basis for scientific arguments. Choices A, C, and D all contribute to strengthening a scientific argument. Lack of bias ensures objectivity and reliability, reproducibility by others validates the findings, and standing the test of time indicates the enduring validity and reliability of the argument.

3. What is the recommended daily intake of protein for adults to maintain healthy muscle mass?

• A. 0.5 grams per kilogram of body weight
• B. 1 gram per kilogram of body weight
• C. 1.5 grams per kilogram of body weight
• D. 2 grams per kilogram of body weight

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The recommended daily intake of protein for adults to maintain healthy muscle mass is typically around 1 gram per kilogram of body weight. This amount can vary based on individual factors such as activity level, age, and overall health status. Consuming an adequate amount of protein is essential for muscle repair and growth, as well as overall health and functioning of the body. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they suggest protein intake levels that are either too low (A) or unnecessarily high (C and D) for maintaining healthy muscle mass. Excessive protein intake can strain the kidneys and may not provide additional benefits for muscle health beyond the recommended levels.

4. Which of the following is NOT a component of the body's innate immune response?

• A. Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes
• B. Phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens
• C. Inflammatory response to isolate and contain infection
• D. Production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen is a function of the adaptive immune response, not the innate immune response. Innate immunity involves nonspecific defense mechanisms like physical barriers, phagocytes, and inflammation, which provide immediate protection against pathogens without prior exposure. Antibody production is a characteristic of adaptive immunity, where the body generates specific antibodies in response to encountering a pathogen for the first time. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it does not align with the immediate and nonspecific nature of the innate immune response.

5. Why can optical fibers transmit light signals around bends?

• A. Reflection
• B. Refraction
• C. Diffraction
• D. Polarization

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Optical fibers can transmit light signals around bends primarily due to refraction. Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, such as from air to glass in an optical fiber. This bending allows the light signals to travel through the fiber even around bends, making optical fibers an efficient means of transmitting light signals over long distances. Reflection (Choice A) occurs when light bounces off a surface, which is not the primary mechanism allowing light to travel around bends in optical fibers. Diffraction (Choice C) refers to the bending of light waves around obstacles or openings, but it is not the main reason light signals can traverse bends in optical fibers. Polarization (Choice D) is the orientation of light waves in a specific plane, but it does not play a significant role in enabling light to navigate bends in optical fibers.

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