Nursing Elites

1. If an organism is AB, which of the following combinations in the gametes is NOT possible?

• A. AB
• B. AA
• C. BB
• D. AB

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. If an organism is AB, it indicates that it carries two different alleles. During gamete formation, each gamete receives only one allele from the pair present in the organism. Therefore, in this case, the possible gametes would be 'A' and 'B,' making 'AA' impossible. Choice A, 'AB,' is possible as each gamete can carry one of the alleles from the genotype. Similarly, 'BB' is also possible if one of the alleles separates into a gamete. Choice D, 'AB,' is essentially the same genotype as the organism and is a possible combination in the gametes.

2. Which type of capillary is the most common and least permeable?

• A. Fenestrated capillaries
• B. Sinusoidal capillaries
• C. Continuous capillaries
• D. Discontinuous capillaries

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, continuous capillaries. Continuous capillaries are the most common and least permeable type of capillary. They are found in most tissues, including muscle and the nervous system. Continuous capillaries have a continuous endothelium without fenestrations or large gaps, which limits the movement of substances across their walls. Choice A, fenestrated capillaries, have pores (fenestrations) in their endothelial cells, making them more permeable than continuous capillaries. Choice B, sinusoidal capillaries, have a discontinuous endothelium with large gaps between cells, making them more permeable and allowing larger molecules and cells to pass through compared to continuous capillaries. Choice D, discontinuous capillaries, are similar to sinusoidal capillaries with a discontinuous endothelium, allowing for enhanced permeability compared to continuous capillaries.

3. Which of the following are functions of the urinary system?

• A. I, II, and III
• B. II and III
• C. II, III, and IV
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The corrected answer is D, 'All of the above.' The urinary system performs multiple essential functions to maintain the body's internal environment. Synthesizing calcitriol and secreting erythropoietin are crucial roles of the kidneys. Regulating the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and other ions helps in maintaining the electrolyte balance. Reabsorbing or secreting hydrogen ions and bicarbonate is vital for managing the body's acid-base balance. Furthermore, the urinary system is involved in detecting reductions in blood volume and pressure, aiding in the maintenance of blood pressure levels and fluid balance in the body.

4. Which condition involves an overactive immune system attacking healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and damage?

• A. Immunodeficiency
• B. Autoimmune disease
• C. Allergy
• D. Cancer

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks healthy tissues in the body, leading to inflammation and damage. This is different from immunodeficiency, where the immune system is weakened and unable to effectively protect the body against infections. Allergies involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, while cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Therefore, the correct answer is autoimmune disease (Choice B) as it specifically describes the scenario of an overactive immune system attacking healthy tissues, distinguishing it from the other conditions listed.

5. What is the role of the large intestine in the digestive system?

• A. To break down proteins
• B. To absorb water and form feces
• C. To digest fats
• D. To neutralize stomach acid

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The large intestine plays a crucial role in absorbing water from indigestible food matter and forming feces for elimination. Choice A is incorrect because the breakdown of proteins primarily occurs in the stomach and small intestine. Choice C is incorrect as the digestion of fats primarily occurs in the small intestine. Choice D is incorrect as neutralizing stomach acid is mainly the function of the stomach lining and not the large intestine.

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