Nursing Elites

1. What is the process of cells restoring damaged or lost tissues called?

• A. Cell division
• B. Cell differentiation
• C. Cell growth
• D. Cell regeneration

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: A) Cell division refers to the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells. B) Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized for specific functions. C) Cell growth is the increase in cell size or number. D) Cell regeneration is the process of cells restoring damaged or lost tissues by replacing or repairing the damaged cells. This process is essential for healing wounds and maintaining tissue integrity.

2. What is the role of surfactant in the respiratory system?

• A. To trap dust particles
• B. To increase lung compliance
• C. To produce mucus
• D. To generate oxygen during respiration

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To increase lung compliance. Surfactant is a substance produced by type II alveolar cells in the lungs that reduces surface tension in the alveoli. This reduction in surface tension helps to increase lung compliance, making it easier for the lungs to expand and contract during breathing. Improved lung compliance is essential for efficient gas exchange in the respiratory system, facilitating oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because surfactant does not trap dust particles, produce mucus, or generate oxygen during respiration. Instead, its primary function lies in reducing surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse and improve lung compliance for optimal gas exchange.

3. What is the process of converting lactic acid back into pyruvate called?

• A. Glycolysis
• B. Gluconeogenesis
• C. Cori cycle
• D. Oxidative phosphorylation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate. B) Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. C) The Cori cycle is the process by which lactic acid produced by anaerobic metabolism in muscles is transported to the liver and converted back into glucose or pyruvate. D) Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is synthesized using energy derived from the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain.

4. Which layer of the skin, containing connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings, is located beneath the epidermis?

• A. Epidermis
• B. Dermis
• C. Hypodermis
• D. Stratum corneum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the dermis. The dermis is the deeper layer of the skin that contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. It is located beneath the epidermis and provides structural support, nourishment, and sensitivity to the skin. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin responsible for protection. The hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous layer, is the deepest layer that contains fat cells and plays a role in insulation and energy storage. The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis composed of dead skin cells that are continually shed and replaced.

5. When referring to blood vessel walls, the term 'atherosclerosis' describes:

• A. The abnormal buildup of plaque within the arterial walls.
• B. The inflammation of the inner lining of blood vessels.
• C. The dilation and weakening of a blood vessel wall (aneurysm).
• D. The normal process of blood vessel wall thickening with age.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'The abnormal buildup of plaque within the arterial walls.' Atherosclerosis is the process where plaque, consisting of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances, accumulates within the arteries. This buildup can lead to the hardening and narrowing of arteries, reducing blood flow and potentially causing severe health issues like heart attacks and strokes. Choice B is incorrect because inflammation of the inner lining of blood vessels is known as vasculitis, not atherosclerosis. Choice C is incorrect as it describes an aneurysm, which is a dilation and weakening of a blood vessel wall, not atherosclerosis. Choice D is incorrect as it describes arteriosclerosis, a process of blood vessel wall thickening with age, which is different from atherosclerosis.

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