Nursing Elites

1. What is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate called?

• A. Glycolysis
• B. Gluconeogenesis
• C. Krebs cycle
• D. Oxidative phosphorylation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A) Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate. This occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in cellular respiration. B) Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids or glycerol, and is the opposite of glycolysis. C) The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria and is involved in the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce ATP and other energy carriers. D) Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced through the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain.

2. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is:

• A. Must be equal to the number of protons.
• B. Must be less than the number of protons.
• C. Must be greater than the number of neutrons.
• D. Can vary depending on the atom's temperature.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In a neutral atom, the number of electrons must be equal to the number of protons to maintain electrical neutrality. Electrons carry a negative charge while protons carry a positive charge. By having an equal number of electrons and protons, the positive and negative charges balance each other out, resulting in an electrically neutral atom. Choice B is incorrect because in a neutral atom, the number of electrons and protons must be equal. Choice C is incorrect as it compares electrons to neutrons, which are not directly related in determining an atom's charge. Choice D is incorrect as the number of electrons in a neutral atom is not dependent on the atom's temperature but rather on the atom's balance of positive and negative charges.

3. Which term describes a position closer to the midline of the body? Example: The chest is medial to the arm.

• A. Lateral
• B. Medial
• C. Proximal
• D. Distal

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'B: Medial.' 'Medial' refers to a position closer to the midline of the body, while 'lateral' refers to a position further from the midline. 'Proximal' describes a position closer to the point of attachment or trunk of the body, while 'distal' refers to a position further away from the point of attachment or trunk.

4. What is the network of vessels and ducts responsible for draining excess fluid and waste products from tissues?

• A. Circulatory system
• B. Digestive system
• C. Lymphatic system
• D. Respiratory system

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is the Lymphatic system (option C). The lymphatic system is responsible for draining excess fluid and waste products from tissues. It works alongside the circulatory system to maintain fluid balance in the body. The circulatory system (option A) transports blood, the digestive system (option B) processes food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste, while the respiratory system (option D) is responsible for gas exchange, specifically the intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.

5. Microfilaments and microtubules are both components of the cytoskeleton, but they have different functions. Which of these describes microfilaments?

• A. Provide structural support and shape
• B. Facilitate cell movement and contraction
• C. Form the mitotic spindle during cell division
• D. Transport materials within the cell

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Microfilaments are thin, solid rods made of the protein actin and are primarily responsible for providing structural support to the cell and determining its shape. While they also play a role in cell movement, their main function is related to maintaining the structural integrity of the cell. Choice B, 'Facilitate cell movement and contraction,' describes microtubules, which are responsible for facilitating cell movement, providing structural support, and aiding in cell division. Choice C, 'Form the mitotic spindle during cell division,' specifically refers to the function of microtubules in forming the mitotic spindle. Choice D, 'Transport materials within the cell,' is characteristic of microtubules that are involved in intracellular transport of organelles and materials within the cell.

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