Nursing Elites

1. What is the final stage of both mitosis and meiosis?

• A. Interphase
• B. Telophase
• C. Cytokinesis
• D. G1 phase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: - Interphase (option A) is not the final stage of mitosis or meiosis; it is the phase before cell division where the cell prepares for division by growing and replicating its DNA. - Telophase (option B) is the final stage of both mitosis and meiosis. During telophase, the separated chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, the nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes begin to decondense. - Cytokinesis (option C) is the process of dividing the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. While it occurs after telophase, it is not considered the final stage of mitosis or meiosis. - G1 phase (option D) is the first gap phase in the cell cycle, occurring before DNA replication. It is not the final stage of mitosis or meiosis.

2. Which system's primary function is protection, sensory reception, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, insulation, and vitamin D absorption?

• A. Nervous system
• B. Integumentary system
• C. Endocrine system
• D. Digestive system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Integumentary system (Option B). The integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands, serves various functions such as providing protection against external factors, sensory reception, regulating body temperature (thermoregulation), maintaining water balance (osmoregulation), insulating the body, and absorbing vitamin D from sunlight. The nervous system (Option A) is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body. The endocrine system (Option C) produces and secretes hormones to regulate bodily functions. The digestive system (Option D) is involved in breaking down food for nutrient absorption. Therefore, the primary functions described in the question align with those of the integumentary system, making it the correct choice.

3. What is the name of the muscular ring that controls the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach?

• A. Pyloric sphincter
• B. Cardiac sphincter
• C. Ileocecal valve
• D. Sphincter of Oddi

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter). It is situated at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach, controlling the passage of food into the stomach. The cardiac sphincter opens and closes to regulate the flow of food and prevent reflux. The pyloric sphincter, on the other hand, is located between the stomach and the small intestine, not the esophagus and stomach. The ileocecal valve is positioned between the small and large intestines, while the Sphincter of Oddi is found in the duodenum, not between the esophagus and stomach.

4. Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

• A. Detecting touch
• B. Regulating body temperature
• C. Producing insulin
• D. Controlling muscle movement

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The nervous system is responsible for detecting touch (option A), regulating body temperature (option B), and controlling muscle movement (option D). Producing insulin (option C) is a function of the endocrine system, which produces hormones like insulin to regulate metabolism and glucose levels. Therefore, option C is the correct answer as it is not a function of the nervous system.

5. How do efferent fibers exit the spinal cord?

• A. Through the anterior aspect
• B. Through the dorsal aspect
• C. Through the ventral aspect
• D. Through the lateral aspect

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Efferent fibers, which carry motor commands, exit the spinal cord through the ventral aspect, also known as the anterior aspect. The correct answer is C, 'Through the ventral aspect.' Efferent fibers exiting through the ventral aspect are responsible for carrying motor commands from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Efferent fibers do not exit through the dorsal, lateral, or anterior aspects of the spinal cord.

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