Nursing Elites

1. What is the name of a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissues?

• A. Allergy
• B. Autoimmune disease
• C. Immunodeficiency
• D. Sepsis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks healthy body tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. This results in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and type 1 diabetes. Allergies, on the other hand, involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances like pollen or certain foods. Immunodeficiency refers to a weakened immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. Sepsis is a severe systemic response to an infection, leading to organ dysfunction and potentially life-threatening complications.

2. Which epithelial tissue type is the outermost layer of your skin an example of?

• A. Simple cuboidal
• B. Stratified squamous
• C. Simple columnar
• D. Stratified columnar

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The outermost layer of the skin, known as the epidermis, is composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue. This type of tissue is well-suited for protection against mechanical stress and dehydration, making it ideal for the skin's barrier function. Simple cuboidal (Choice A) epithelial tissue is found in areas where secretion and absorption occur, such as kidney tubules. Simple columnar (Choice C) epithelial tissue lines the digestive tract, providing a large surface area for absorption. Stratified columnar (Choice D) epithelial tissue is less common and is found in limited regions like parts of the male urethra and ducts of some glands, but not in the outermost layer of the skin.

3. What is the process of separating a mixture based on the different boiling points of its components called?

• A. Filtration
• B. Chromatography
• C. Distillation
• D. Centrifugation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Distillation is the process of separating a mixture based on the different boiling points of its components. During distillation, the mixture is heated to vaporize the component with the lowest boiling point first. The vapor is then cooled and condensed back into a liquid, allowing for the collection of fractions with different boiling ranges. This technique is effective for separating components that have significantly different boiling points. Filtration (Choice A) is a method used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium. Chromatography (Choice B) is a technique used to separate components of a mixture based on their differential affinities to a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Centrifugation (Choice D) is a process of separating particles from a solution based on differences in size, shape, density, and viscosity by spinning the mixture at high speeds.

4. Which indicator is commonly used to distinguish between acidic and basic solutions?

• A. Methyl orange
• B. Phenolphthalein
• C. Universal indicator
• D. All of the above are common indicators.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Phenolphthalein is commonly used to differentiate between acidic and basic solutions. It changes color, turning pink in basic solutions and remaining colorless in acidic solutions due to a specific pH range. While methyl orange and universal indicator are also indicators used for pH testing, phenolphthalein is especially known for its distinctive color change in response to acidic and basic solutions, making it the correct choice. Methyl orange is typically used in titrations for a sharp color change at a specific pH, and the universal indicator is a mixture of indicators displaying a range of colors depending on the pH value, not specifically tailored to acidic and basic distinctions.

5. Which of the following is a balanced chemical equation?

• A. H2 + O2 → H2O
• B. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
• C. 3H2O → 2H2 + O2
• D. H2O → H2 + O2

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A balanced chemical equation must have the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. In option B, 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O, the equation is balanced as there are 2 hydrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atoms on both the reactant and product sides after balancing, satisfying the law of conservation of mass. Option A is unbalanced as there are 2 oxygen atoms on the reactant side but only 1 oxygen atom on the product side. Option C is unbalanced with 3 hydrogen atoms on the reactant side and 2 hydrogen atoms on the product side. Option D is unbalanced with 1 oxygen atom on the reactant side and 2 oxygen atoms on the product side.

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