Nursing Elites

1. What is the ethical concern surrounding genetic engineering?

• A. Risk of introducing new diseases
• B. Potential for misuse and discrimination
• C. Unforeseen consequences on ecosystems
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Risk of introducing new diseases: Genetic engineering involves manipulating the genetic material of organisms, which can potentially lead to the creation of new diseases or the spread of existing ones in unintended ways. This risk raises ethical concerns about the potential harm to human health and the environment. B) Potential for misuse and discrimination: Genetic engineering technologies can be misused for purposes such as creating biological weapons or enhancing certain traits in individuals, leading to discrimination based on genetic makeup. This raises ethical concerns about fairness, justice, and the potential for societal harm. C) Unforeseen consequences on ecosystems: Genetic engineering can have unintended consequences on ecosystems, such as disrupting natural balances or harming biodiversity. These unforeseen impacts raise ethical concerns about the responsibility of scientists and policymakers to consider the long-term effects of genetic modifications on the environment. Therefore, the correct answer is D because all the options present valid ethical concerns associated with genetic engineering.

2. What is the primary function of the liver related to digestion?

• A. Produces bile
• B. Stores bile
• C. Converts waste ammonia into urea
• D. Filters and detoxifies digestion byproducts

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The primary function of the liver related to digestion is to filter and detoxify byproducts of digestion, including toxins and metabolic waste products. While the liver does produce bile and convert waste ammonia into urea, these functions are not directly related to digestion. Storing bile is mainly done by the gallbladder, not the liver.

3. What are Mendel's laws?

• A. Law of inheritance, law of expression
• B. Law of segregation, law of independent assortment
• C. Law of dominance, law of recessiveness
• D. Law of mutation, law of crossing over

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Mendel's laws consist of the law of segregation, which states that each parent passes one allele for each trait, and the law of independent assortment, which explains that genes for different traits are inherited independently. Choice A is incorrect because 'law of expression' is not one of Mendel's laws. Choice C is incorrect because 'law of dominance' and 'law of recessiveness' do not represent the two main laws proposed by Mendel. Choice D is incorrect because 'law of mutation' and 'law of crossing over' are not part of Mendel's original laws.

4. Which enzyme found in saliva is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates into smaller molecules like sugars?

• A. Pepsin
• B. Amylase
• C. Lipase
• D. Trypsin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase, which specifically targets carbohydrates and breaks them down into smaller molecules like sugars. Pepsin, choice A, is an enzyme found in the stomach that breaks down proteins, not carbohydrates. Lipase, choice C, is responsible for breaking down fats, not carbohydrates. Trypsin, choice D, is an enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine, not carbohydrates. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect for this question.

5. The average life expectancy at birth in the United States at the beginning of the 21st century was about 75 years. The average life expectancy at birth in the middle of the 19th century was only about 40 years. Which of the following factors are likely to have contributed to the longer life expectancy in the 21st century? (Select the one that does not apply)

• A. The human body has evolved to become more resilient to its environment.
• B. There have been numerous advances in medical technology and treatments.
• C. Higher standards of basic cleanliness have helped people avoid illness.
• D. The creation of vaccines has nearly eliminated certain diseases that were once deadly.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Medical advances, higher standards of cleanliness, and the creation of vaccines have all significantly contributed to the increase in life expectancy over time. While human evolution plays a role in adaptation to the environment over millennia, it is not a primary factor that has led to the substantial increase in life expectancy within a few centuries. The human body's evolution is a slow process that occurs over generations, while the advancements in medical technology, cleanliness, and vaccines have had a more immediate and direct impact on improving life expectancy.

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