Nursing Elites

1. What is glucagon, where is it produced, and what is its function?

• A. Produced in the liver, releases glucose
• B. Produced in the pancreas, raises blood sugar
• C. Produced in the pancreas, lowers blood sugar
• D. Produced in the adrenal glands, regulates stress response

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Glucagon is a hormone produced in the pancreas and functions to raise blood sugar levels. It does so by signaling the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is B, 'Produced in the pancreas, raises blood sugar.' Choices A, C, and D describe functions or locations of other hormones, not glucagon. Glucagon is specifically released by alpha cells in the pancreas, making option B the correct choice.

2. From an anterior view, which of the following vessels carries blood away from the heart?

• A. Left common carotid artery
• B. Pulmonary trunk
• C. Subclavian arteries
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' When viewed from an anterior perspective, the left common carotid artery, pulmonary trunk, and subclavian arteries all carry blood away from the heart. The left common carotid artery supplies oxygenated blood to the head and neck, the pulmonary trunk carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, and the subclavian arteries transport blood to the upper extremities. Therefore, all the vessels listed in the choices are correct as they function to carry blood away from the heart when viewed anteriorly.

3. Which of the following statements about prions is TRUE?

• A. They are composed of proteins only
• B. They are easily destroyed by common disinfectants
• C. hey are a type of antibiotic
• D. They are a live organism

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A) This statement is true. Prions are infectious agents composed entirely of protein, lacking nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA. They are known for causing neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. B) This statement is false. Prions are not easily destroyed by common disinfectants due to their unique structure and resistance to conventional sterilization methods. C) This statement is false. Prions are not a type of antibiotic. They are a distinct class of infectious agents. D) This statement is false. Prions are not live organisms but rather misfolded proteins that can induce abnormal folding in normal proteins, leading to disease.

4. A person pushes a box across a floor with a constant force. The box eventually comes to a stop due to friction. What happens to the work done by the person?

• A. It increases as the box moves further.
• B. It decreases as the box slows down.
• C. It remains constant throughout the motion.
• D. It becomes zero once the box stops.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Work done is defined as the product of the force applied and the distance moved in the direction of the force. In this scenario, when the box comes to a stop, the displacement becomes zero, leading to zero work done by the person. Choice A is incorrect as the work done is not increasing, but rather decreasing as the box slows down. Choice B is incorrect because the work done does not decrease as the box slows down; it becomes zero when the box stops. Choice C is incorrect as the work done is not constant but decreases to zero when the box stops.

5. Which of the following is a strong acid?

• A. Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)
• B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• C. Citric acid
• D. Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃)

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid because it completely ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions, leading to a high concentration of H⁺ ions in solution. This characteristic makes it a strong acid. Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), citric acid, and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) are weak acids as they only partially ionize in water, resulting in a lower concentration of H⁺ ions compared to strong acids. Therefore, hydrochloric acid is the correct choice as a strong acid.

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