Nursing Elites

1. What checkpoint mechanism ensures all chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers before anaphase begins?

• A. Prometaphase
• B. Metaphase
• C. Cyclin degradation
• D. Sister chromatid cohesion

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A) Prometaphase is the correct answer because it is the stage of mitosis where all chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers before anaphase begins. During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope breaks down, allowing the spindle fibers to attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. This attachment is necessary for proper chromosome alignment and segregation during anaphase. B) Metaphase is incorrect because it is the stage where chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate but do not necessarily have all spindle fibers attached. C) Cyclin degradation is incorrect because it is a regulatory mechanism that controls the progression of the cell cycle but is not specifically related to ensuring all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers. D) Sister chromatid cohesion is incorrect because it refers to the physical connection between sister chromatids that is maintained until anaphase, but it does not ensure that all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers.

2. Which indicator is commonly used to distinguish between acidic and basic solutions?

• A. Methyl orange
• B. Phenolphthalein
• C. Universal indicator
• D. All of the above are common indicators.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Phenolphthalein is commonly used to differentiate between acidic and basic solutions. It changes color, turning pink in basic solutions and remaining colorless in acidic solutions due to a specific pH range. While methyl orange and universal indicator are also indicators used for pH testing, phenolphthalein is especially known for its distinctive color change in response to acidic and basic solutions, making it the correct choice. Methyl orange is typically used in titrations for a sharp color change at a specific pH, and the universal indicator is a mixture of indicators displaying a range of colors depending on the pH value, not specifically tailored to acidic and basic distinctions.

3. Which type of wave motion occurs when particles move perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation?

• A. Transverse waves
• B. Longitudinal waves
• C. Electromagnetic waves
• D. Surface waves

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Transverse waves are characterized by particles moving perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. In transverse waves, the oscillations of particles are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Longitudinal waves have particles that move parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Electromagnetic waves are a type of transverse wave that do not require a medium for propagation. Surface waves combine both longitudinal and transverse motions and occur at the interface between two different mediums.

4. Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?

• A. Regulation of body temperature
• B. Protection from pathogens
• C. Synthesis of vitamin D
• D. Production of digestive enzymes

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. The production of digestive enzymes is not a function of the integumentary system. The integumentary system is responsible for regulating body temperature, protecting the body from pathogens, and synthesizing vitamin D. Digestive enzymes are produced by organs in the digestive system, such as the pancreas and stomach, and not by the integumentary system.

5. Which of the following correctly identifies a difference between the primary and secondary immune response?

• A. In the secondary response, macrophages migrate to the lymph nodes to present the foreign microorganism to helper T lymphocytes.
• B. The humoral immunity that characterizes the primary response is coordinated by B lymphocytes.
• C. The primary response is quicker and more powerful than the secondary response.
• D. Suppressor T cells are activated in the secondary response to prevent an overactive immune response.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. The primary immune response is slower and less powerful compared to the secondary immune response. During the primary response, immune cells encounter the antigen for the first time, necessitating the activation and proliferation of specific immune cells. In contrast, the secondary response benefits from memory cells that quickly recognize the antigen, enabling a faster and more potent immune response. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. While macrophages play a role in presenting antigens to T cells, this is not a defining difference between primary and secondary responses. Humoral immunity involves B lymphocytes in both primary and secondary responses, so it does not differentiate the two. Suppressor T cells primarily function to regulate the immune response but are not a key factor distinguishing primary from secondary responses.

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