Nursing Elites

1. What checkpoint mechanism ensures all chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers before anaphase begins?

• A. Prometaphase
• B. Metaphase
• C. Cyclin degradation
• D. Sister chromatid cohesion

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A) Prometaphase is the correct answer because it is the stage of mitosis where all chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers before anaphase begins. During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope breaks down, allowing the spindle fibers to attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. This attachment is necessary for proper chromosome alignment and segregation during anaphase. B) Metaphase is incorrect because it is the stage where chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate but do not necessarily have all spindle fibers attached. C) Cyclin degradation is incorrect because it is a regulatory mechanism that controls the progression of the cell cycle but is not specifically related to ensuring all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers. D) Sister chromatid cohesion is incorrect because it refers to the physical connection between sister chromatids that is maintained until anaphase, but it does not ensure that all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers.

2. What is the relationship between the frequency and period of a wave?

• A. They are unrelated
• B. Frequency = Period
• C. Frequency = 1/Period
• D. Period = 1/Frequency

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct relationship between frequency and period of a wave is that Period = 1/Frequency. This relationship indicates that the period of a wave is the reciprocal of its frequency. Frequency refers to the number of complete cycles of a wave occurring in a unit of time, while the period is the time taken for one complete cycle of the wave to occur. As frequency and period are inversely related, the correct formula to express this relationship is Period = 1/Frequency. Choice A is incorrect as frequency and period are related. Choice B is incorrect as frequency and period are not equal. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests that frequency is directly proportional to period, which is not the case.

3. Why are elements in Group 18 (Noble gases) generally unreactive?

• A. They have high atomic masses
• B. They lack valence electrons
• C. Their outermost electron shells are completely filled
• D. They exist as single atoms, not molecules

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Elements in Group 18 (Noble gases) are generally unreactive because their outermost electron shells are completely filled. This results in high stability and low reactivity since they have achieved a full valence shell configuration, making them less likely to gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms. The full valence shell configuration leads to a minimal tendency for these elements to form chemical bonds, hence exhibiting low reactivity. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because high atomic masses, lack of valence electrons, and existing as single atoms do not directly contribute to the unreactivity of noble gases. It is the full valence shell configuration that is the primary reason for their inert nature.

4. The ureters are paired tubes that transport urine from the:

• A. Bladder to the urethra
• B. Kidneys to the bladder
• C. Urethra to the kidneys
• D. Skin to the kidneys

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The ureters are responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Once urine is produced in the kidneys, it travels down the ureters to be stored in the bladder until it is eliminated from the body through the urethra. Therefore, the correct answer is B, 'Kidneys to the bladder.' Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the function of the ureters in the urinary system. Choice A, 'Bladder to the urethra,' is incorrect because the ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, not from the bladder to the urethra. Choice C, 'Urethra to the kidneys,' is incorrect as the flow of urine is from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters, not in the reverse direction. Choice D, 'Skin to the kidneys,' is unrelated to the urinary system; the ureters are not involved in transporting substances from the skin to the kidneys.

5. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine. What enzyme breaks down proteins into amino acids?

• A. Pepsin
• B. Lipase
• C. Amylase
• D. Trypsin

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Trypsin is the correct enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids. It is produced by the pancreas and released into the small intestine to facilitate protein digestion. Pepsin is an enzyme from the stomach that also breaks down proteins, amylase targets carbohydrates, and lipase works on fats. In this context, since the question specifies the pancreas and small intestine, the correct answer is Trypsin as it is the pancreatic enzyme responsible for protein breakdown in the small intestine.

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