Nursing Elites

1. What are the components of an ECG?

• A. P wave, T wave, U wave
• B. P wave, QRS complex, T wave
• C. QRS complex, S wave, P wave
• D. T wave, S wave, U wave

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: P wave, QRS complex, T wave. The components of an ECG include the P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), and T wave (ventricular repolarization). The P wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization. Options A, C, and D have incorrect combinations of ECG components. Option A incorrectly includes the U wave, which is not a standard component of a typical ECG. Option C includes the S wave, which is not a primary component of a standard ECG. Option D includes the U wave, which is not a standard component, and the S wave, which is not a primary component of an ECG. Therefore, option B is the most accurate combination of components for an ECG.

2. Which three parts make up the large intestine?

• A. Duodenum, ileum, jejunum
• B. Cecum, colon, rectum
• C. Ileum, jejunum, rectum
• D. Colon, cecum, ileum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cecum, colon, rectum. The large intestine is composed of the cecum, colon, and rectum. These parts are responsible for water absorption and feces formation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. A contains parts of the small intestine (duodenum, ileum, jejunum), C has a mix of small and large intestine parts, and D includes the small intestine part ileum. Understanding the correct anatomy of the large intestine is essential for distinguishing it from the small intestine.

3. Which hormone, produced by the ovaries, is responsible for the development of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle and supports early pregnancy?

• A. Estrogen
• B. Progesterone
• C. Testosterone
• D. Prolactin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Progesterone, produced by the ovaries, is responsible for the development of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle and supports early pregnancy. While estrogen also plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle, progesterone is specifically known for its role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining the uterine lining. Testosterone is primarily a male sex hormone and not directly involved in these processes. Prolactin is a hormone that is mainly associated with milk production and not related to the development of the uterine lining or early pregnancy.

4. Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor for proper absorption?

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Vitamin C
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin B12

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach, for proper absorption in the small intestine. Intrinsic factor binds to vitamin B12 and facilitates its absorption in the ileum. Deficiency in intrinsic factor can lead to pernicious anemia, a condition characterized by a lack of vitamin B12 absorption. Options A, B, and C are incorrect. Vitamin A is absorbed in the small intestine with the help of bile salts; Vitamin C is absorbed in the small intestine via active transport; Vitamin D is absorbed in the small intestine through a process involving bile salts and micelles. It is essential for students to understand this relationship as it highlights the importance of intrinsic factor in the absorption of specific vitamins and the consequences of its deficiency.

5. How is the density of a substance calculated?

• A. Mass / Volume
• B. Volume / Mass
• C. Mass x Volume
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The density of a substance is calculated by dividing the mass of the substance by its volume. The formula for density is Density = Mass / Volume. This calculation allows us to determine how much mass is present in a given volume of a substance, making option A the correct choice. Choice B (Volume / Mass) is incorrect because density is defined as mass per unit volume, so mass should be the numerator. Choice C (Mass x Volume) is incorrect as this would result in a different unit of measurement and not represent density. Choice D (None of the above) is incorrect as there is a specific formula for calculating density, which is mass divided by volume.

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