Nursing Elites

1. In a study evaluating which type of road salt deices a road most quickly, what is the independent variable?

• A. Deicing time period
• B. Road used for deicing
• C. Type of road salt used
• D. Amount of road salt used

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, 'Type of road salt used.' In an experiment, the independent variable is the one manipulated by the researcher to observe its impact on the dependent variable. In this study, the researchers are altering the type of road salt used to determine its influence on the deicing speed, thus making it the independent variable. The other choices are not the independent variable as they are not deliberately manipulated in the experiment: A - 'Deicing time period' is an outcome measure dependent on the type of salt used; B - 'Road used for deicing' is not controlled or manipulated; D - 'Amount of road salt used' would be a potential confounding variable rather than the independent variable as it could affect the outcome along with the type of salt.

2. Which vitamin is essential for proper absorption of calcium and plays a role in lung function?

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Vitamin B12
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin E

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Vitamin D. Vitamin D is crucial for the proper absorption of calcium in the intestines and is essential for maintaining lung function. It regulates calcium and phosphorus levels, crucial for healthy bones and teeth. Vitamin A is important for vision and immune function, not specifically for calcium absorption or lung function. Vitamin B12 is essential for nerve function and red blood cell production, not related to calcium absorption or lung function. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage, but it is not directly involved in calcium absorption or lung function.

3. The patella, commonly known as the kneecap, is an example of a:

• A. Sesamoid bone
• B. Long bone
• C. Short bone
• D. Irregular bone

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The patella, also known as the kneecap, is an example of a sesamoid bone. Sesamoid bones develop within tendons, such as the patellar tendon in this case. The patella is embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle, enhancing the mechanical advantage of the muscle and protecting the knee joint. Long bones, like the femur, are characterized by their elongated shape with growth plates at the ends. Short bones, such as those in the wrist and ankle, are cube-shaped bones. Irregular bones, like vertebrae, do not fit into the other bone shape categories due to their unique shapes and functions.

4. What is a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland and excessive production of thyroid hormones called?

• A. Diabetes mellitus
• B. Hyperthyroidism
• C. Hypothyroidism
• D. Cushing's syndrome

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland is overactive and produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones. This can lead to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, sweating, and nervousness. Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either insufficient insulin production or the body's inability to respond to insulin. Hypothyroidism is the opposite of hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid gland is underactive and produces insufficient thyroid hormones. Cushing's syndrome is a disorder that occurs when the body has a high level of the hormone cortisol for a long time.

5. Where would a nonpregnant patient with normal anatomy most commonly have pain in acute appendicitis?

• A. Right upper quadrant.
• B. Left upper quadrant.
• C. Right lower quadrant.
• D. Left lower quadrant.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In acute appendicitis, nonpregnant patients with normal anatomy commonly experience pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. The pain usually starts around the umbilicus or epigastric area and then migrates to the right lower quadrant as inflammation progresses in the appendix. This classic migration of pain is known as McBurney's point tenderness and is a key clinical feature in diagnosing appendicitis.

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