Nursing Elites

1. Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

• A. Mouth
• B. Stomach
• C. Small intestine
• D. Large intestine

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine. The small intestine is where the final stages of digestion take place, and it is specialized for absorption with its large surface area and villi that increase nutrient absorption efficiency. The mouth is responsible for mechanical digestion through chewing, the stomach primarily aids in digestion through mixing and breakdown of food, and the large intestine mainly absorbs water and electrolytes, with minimal nutrient absorption.

2. What happens when a protein unfolds?

• A. Activation
• B. Denaturation
• C. Renaturation
• D. Folding

Correct answer: B

Rationale: - Activation (Option A) refers to the process of initiating or increasing the activity of a molecule, such as an enzyme. Protein unfolding does not involve activation. - Denaturation (Option B) is the correct answer. Denaturation refers to the process by which a protein loses its three-dimensional structure, leading to the disruption of its function. This can be caused by factors such as heat, pH changes, or chemicals. - Renaturation (Option C) is the process by which a denatured protein regains its native structure and function. Protein unfolding is the opposite of renaturation. - Folding (Option D) is the process by which a protein assumes its functional three-dimensional structure. Unfolding is the reverse process of folding, not folding itself.

3. Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the relationship between genes and chromosomes?

• A. Each gene contains multiple chromosomes.
• B. Each chromosome contains multiple genes.
• C. Genes and chromosomes are two different things referring to the same entity.
• D. Genes and chromosomes are not interchangeable terms and do not always occur in equal numbers.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Each chromosome contains multiple genes. Genes, which are segments of DNA, are located on chromosomes and carry hereditary information. Chromosomes contain many genes, indicating that genes are part of the structure of chromosomes. Choice A is incorrect because genes do not contain chromosomes; rather, they are located on chromosomes. Choice C is incorrect as genes and chromosomes are distinct entities with different functions. Choice D is incorrect because genes and chromosomes are related but not in equal numbers; chromosomes contain multiple genes, but the number of genes can vary between chromosomes.

4. What is the name of the condition characterized by inflammation of the small intestine?

• A. Appendicitis
• B. Celiac disease
• C. Gastritis
• D. Crohn's disease

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, not the small intestine. B) Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption that damages the small intestine, but it is not characterized by inflammation alone. C) Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining, not the small intestine. D) Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, but it commonly involves the small intestine. Symptoms of Crohn's disease include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue.

5. What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

• A. To transport oxygen throughout the body
• B. To filter blood and remove waste
• C. To fight infection and remove excess fluid
• D. To transport hormones

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'To fight infection and remove excess fluid.' The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the body's immune response by fighting infections through lymphocytes and removing excess fluid from tissues, maintaining fluid balance. It does not primarily transport oxygen, filter blood, or transport hormones. While the lymphatic system is involved in lipid absorption and transport, its primary functions are related to immunity and fluid balance.

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