Nursing Elites

1. The lining of the stomach and intestine is protected from self-digestion by:

• A. pepsinogen.
• B. bile.
• C. mucus.
• D. fat.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: mucus. Mucus forms a protective barrier that prevents the stomach and intestine from digesting themselves. Pepsinogen (choice A) is an inactive form of pepsin, a digestive enzyme, and does not protect the stomach lining. Bile (choice B) aids in the digestion and absorption of fats but does not protect the stomach lining. Fat (choice D) is a nutrient and energy source; it does not play a role in protecting the stomach and intestine from self-digestion.

2. What are the major sources of energy for the body?

• A. Proteins and fats.
• B. Carbohydrates and fats.
• C. Proteins and carbohydrates.
• D. Vitamins and minerals.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Carbohydrates and fats. Carbohydrates are the body's primary and most efficient source of energy, providing fuel for daily activities. Fats are also a significant energy source, especially during times of prolonged or intense exercise. Proteins are primarily used for building and repairing tissues, not as a major energy source. Vitamins and minerals are essential for various bodily functions but do not serve as direct sources of energy.

3. What is the muscle layer on the outside of the intestinal wall called?

• A. serosa
• B. mucosa
• C. submucosa
• D. muscularis mucosae

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: serosa. The serosa is the outermost layer of the intestinal wall, providing a protective covering. Choice B, mucosa, is the innermost layer responsible for absorption. Choice C, submucosa, lies beneath the mucosa and contains blood vessels and nerves. Choice D, muscularis mucosae, is a smooth muscle layer located within the mucosa, helping to create folds in the intestinal lining to increase surface area for absorption.

4. The hormone secretin stimulates production of a buffering solution for the duodenum by the:

• A. stomach.
• B. liver.
• C. pancreas.
• D. oxyntic cells.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: pancreas. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate, which acts as a buffering solution to neutralize the acid entering the duodenum from the stomach. This process helps in maintaining the pH balance in the small intestine. Choice A, stomach, is incorrect as the stomach does not produce the buffering solution needed for the duodenum. Choice B, liver, is incorrect because secretin does not directly stimulate the liver to produce a buffering solution. Choice D, oxyntic cells, is also incorrect as these cells in the stomach are responsible for producing gastric acid, not the buffering solution needed in the duodenum.

5. A major focus of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines is:

• A. generally healthy segments of the population
• B. the unhealthy American public
• C. vulnerable population segments
• D. ethnically diverse eating styles

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: the unhealthy American public. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines primarily aimed to address the unhealthy eating habits prevalent in the American population. Choice A is incorrect as the focus was not solely on generally healthy segments of the population. Choice C is incorrect as the guidelines were not specifically tailored only for vulnerable population segments. Choice D is incorrect as the guidelines were more concerned with promoting healthy eating habits rather than ethnically diverse eating styles.

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