Nursing Elites

1. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. What is the main nitrogenous waste product the kidneys eliminate?

• A. Carbon dioxide
• B. Ammonia
• C. Urea
• D. Glucose

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, urea. Urea is the main nitrogenous waste product eliminated by the kidneys. It is produced in the liver from protein metabolism and excreted in urine. Carbon dioxide is eliminated through the lungs as a waste product of cellular respiration and not by the kidneys. Ammonia, a toxic waste product, is converted to urea in the liver before being excreted by the kidneys. Glucose is a sugar that is reabsorbed by the kidneys and not excreted as waste.

2. Which of the following is NOT a major function of the respiratory system in humans?

• A. It provides a large surface area for gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• B. It helps regulate the blood's pH.
• C. It helps cushion the heart against jarring motions.
• D. It is responsible for vocalization.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Option C, 'It helps cushion the heart against jarring motions,' is NOT a major function of the respiratory system in humans. The primary functions of the respiratory system include gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, and vocalization. The respiratory system does not play a role in cushioning the heart; that function is primarily carried out by the pericardium and other protective structures around the heart. Choices A, B, and D are major functions of the respiratory system in humans. Choice A refers to the respiratory system's role in gas exchange, Choice B highlights its involvement in regulating blood pH, and Choice D points out its responsibility for vocalization.

3. Which of the following is a strong acid?

• A. Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)
• B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• C. Citric acid
• D. Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃)

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid because it completely ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions, leading to a high concentration of H⁺ ions in solution. This characteristic makes it a strong acid. Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), citric acid, and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) are weak acids as they only partially ionize in water, resulting in a lower concentration of H⁺ ions compared to strong acids. Therefore, hydrochloric acid is the correct choice as a strong acid.

4. What is the process by which a cell divides to produce two daughter cells?

• A. Mitosis
• B. Meiosis
• C. Differentiation
• D. Transformation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mitosis is the correct answer because it is the process of cell division that results in the production of two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the parent cell. Meiosis, while also involving cell division, leads to the formation of gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Differentiation is the specialization of cells for specific functions, not the process of cell division. Transformation involves a cell incorporating foreign DNA into its genome, which is unrelated to the division of a cell into two daughter cells.

5. Which type of nutrients require minimal digestion before absorption?

• A. Carbohydrates
• B. Proteins
• C. Fats
• D. Vitamins

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates require digestion by enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine before they can be broken down into simple sugars for absorption. B) Proteins: Proteins need to be broken down into amino acids by stomach acid and digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine before they can be absorbed. C) Fats: Fats require bile from the gallbladder to emulsify them into smaller droplets for enzymes to break them down into fatty acids and glycerol for absorption. D) Vitamins: Vitamins are organic compounds that are already in a form that can be readily absorbed by the body without extensive digestion. They are absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the small intestine and do not require significant breakdown before absorption.

Similar Questions