Nursing Elites

1. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting which neurotransmitter?

• A. Dopamine
• B. Acetylcholine
• C. Serotonin
• D. Glutamate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in coordinating movement. The reduction of dopamine levels leads to the characteristic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Choice B, acetylcholine, is involved in functions like muscle contraction and autonomic nervous system regulation but is not primarily affected in Parkinson's disease. Serotonin (Choice C) is involved in mood regulation and sleep, not the main neurotransmitter affected in Parkinson's disease. Glutamate (Choice D) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is not primarily implicated in Parkinson's disease pathophysiology.

2. Which type of capillary is the most permeable?

• A. Continuous capillaries
• B. Sinusoidal capillaries
• C. Fenestrated capillaries
• D. Vascular capillaries

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Sinusoidal capillaries are indeed the most permeable type. They are characterized by large gaps between endothelial cells, allowing for the passage of large molecules and cells. These capillaries are commonly found in organs like the liver, bone marrow, and spleen where high permeability is required for specialized functions such as filtration and exchange of substances. Continuous capillaries have tight junctions and are the least permeable, found in muscles, lungs, and the central nervous system where strict control over permeability is needed. Fenestrated capillaries, on the other hand, have small pores or fenestrations and are intermediate in permeability, found in organs like the kidneys, endocrine glands, and intestines where selective permeability is necessary. Vascular capillaries is not a specific type of capillary and is not a valid choice.

3. What is the main function of the epiglottis?

• A. To store bile
• B. To absorb nutrients
• C. To prevent food from entering the trachea
• D. To produce digestive enzymes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage located at the base of the tongue that covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the airway. This action helps direct food and liquids into the esophagus, which leads to the stomach for digestion, while also protecting the respiratory system from potential blockages that could lead to choking or aspiration pneumonia. Options A, B, and D are incorrect as the epiglottis is not involved in storing bile, absorbing nutrients, or producing digestive enzymes. Understanding the role of the epiglottis in the swallowing process is crucial for maintaining proper respiratory and digestive functions.

4. Identify the spectator ions in the reaction: 2KCl + Pb(NO3)2 → 2KNO3 + PbCl2.

• A. K+ and NO3-
• B. K+ and Cl-
• C. Pb2+ and NO3-
• D. Pb2+ and Cl-

Correct answer: B

Rationale: - In the reaction, potassium ions (K+) and chloride ions (Cl-) are present on both sides of the equation. They are not involved in the formation of the products and remain unchanged. - Lead ions (Pb2+) and nitrate ions (NO3-) are involved in the formation of the products potassium nitrate (KNO3) and lead(II) chloride (PbCl2). - Therefore, the spectator ions in this reaction are K+ and Cl-.

5. Which of the following structures in the skin is responsible for producing sweat?

• A. Sebaceous gland
• B. Sudoriferous gland
• C. Hair follicle
• D. Melanocyte

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sudoriferous gland. Sudoriferous glands, also known as sweat glands, are responsible for producing sweat to regulate body temperature. Sebaceous glands produce sebum (oil) to lubricate the skin and hair. Hair follicles are associated with hair growth, not sweat production. Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin for skin pigmentation, not sweat.

Similar Questions