Nursing Elites

1. Where does visual processing begin in the eye?

• A. Cornea
• B. Optic nerve
• C. Retina
• D. Eyelid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Visual processing begins in the retina, not the cornea, optic nerve, or eyelid. The retina is a layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells responsible for converting light into neural signals that are then sent to the brain for processing. The cornea is the transparent outer layer of the eye that helps focus light, but it does not process visual information. The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain, it does not initiate visual processing. The eyelid is a protective covering for the eye and is not involved in visual processing.

2. Which of the following terms refers to the abnormal sound heard during a stethoscope examination, potentially indicating a heart valve issue?

• A. Tachycardia
• B. Bradycardia
• C. Heart murmur
• D. Arrhythmia

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A heart murmur is an abnormal sound heard during a stethoscope examination of the heart. It can indicate issues with the heart valves, such as stenosis or regurgitation. Tachycardia refers to a fast heart rate, bradycardia refers to a slow heart rate, and arrhythmia refers to an irregular heart rhythm. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Heart murmur,' as it specifically relates to the abnormal sound heard during a stethoscope examination that may signal a heart valve issue.

3. What is the basic unit of heredity?

• A. Chromosome
• B. Cell
• C. Gene
• D. Organ

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A gene is the basic unit of heredity that carries the instructions for making proteins, which determine an organism's traits. Genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes within the cell. While chromosomes contain many genes, a gene itself is the fundamental unit of heredity responsible for passing on genetic information from one generation to the next. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms, but genes specifically carry genetic information. Organs are composed of tissues and serve specific functions within an organism, but they are not the basic unit of heredity.

4. Which of the following is the main organ responsible for absorbing nutrients?

• A. Stomach
• B. Small intestine
• C. Large intestine
• D. Pancreas

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The small intestine is the main organ responsible for absorbing nutrients from the food we eat. It is where the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals occurs. The inner lining of the small intestine is covered in tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption. While the stomach plays a role in breaking down food into smaller particles, the actual absorption of nutrients primarily takes place in the small intestine. The large intestine mainly absorbs water and electrolytes, and the pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones but is not primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients.

5. What type of immunity does a vaccine provide? Choose only ONE best answer.

• A. Naturally acquired passive immunity
• B. Artificially acquired passive immunity
• C. Naturally acquired active immunity
• D. Artificially acquired active immunity

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Artificially acquired active immunity. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce an active response, leading to the development of immunity against specific pathogens. Choice A, naturally acquired passive immunity, is incorrect as it refers to the temporary immunity passed from mother to child, not through vaccines. Choice B, artificially acquired passive immunity, is also incorrect because passive immunity involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies, not the stimulation of the immune system by vaccines. Choice C, naturally acquired active immunity, is incorrect since it is acquired through natural exposure to pathogens, not through vaccines.

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