Nursing Elites

1. How are genetic markers utilized in paternity testing?

• A. They identify unique sequences in the father's DNA present in the child.
• B. They analyze the presence or absence of specific alleles for certain genes.
• C. They compare the child's blood type to the parents' blood types.
• D. They measure the child's physical resemblance to the father.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Genetic markers are specific DNA sequences that can vary among individuals. In paternity testing, genetic markers are used to compare the DNA of the child with that of the alleged father. By analyzing the presence or absence of specific alleles (different forms of a gene) at these genetic markers, scientists can determine the likelihood of paternity. This method is more accurate and reliable than comparing blood types (choice C) or physical resemblance (choice D) as genetic markers provide a direct comparison of DNA sequences between individuals. Therefore, option B is the correct choice as it accurately describes the use of genetic markers in paternity testing.

2. What phenomenon occurs when two identical waves are perfectly aligned and reinforce each other?

• A. Refraction
• B. Reflection
• C. Diffraction
• D. Constructive interference

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Constructive interference occurs when two identical waves are perfectly aligned and reinforce each other. This results in an increase in the overall amplitude of the wave. Refraction refers to the bending of waves as they pass from one medium to another, reflection is the bouncing back of waves when they encounter a boundary, and diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles and openings. In this scenario, the waves are not changing direction or bending but rather combining to produce a wave with a larger amplitude, which is characteristic of constructive interference.

3. Which of the following is a balanced chemical equation?

• A. H2 + O2 → H2O
• B. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
• C. 3H2O → 2H2 + O2
• D. H2O → H2 + O2

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A balanced chemical equation must have the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. In option B, 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O, the equation is balanced as there are 2 hydrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atoms on both the reactant and product sides after balancing, satisfying the law of conservation of mass. Option A is unbalanced as there are 2 oxygen atoms on the reactant side but only 1 oxygen atom on the product side. Option C is unbalanced with 3 hydrogen atoms on the reactant side and 2 hydrogen atoms on the product side. Option D is unbalanced with 1 oxygen atom on the reactant side and 2 oxygen atoms on the product side.

4. What is the main function of white blood cells?

• A. Transport oxygen
• B. Fight infection
• C. Produce antibodies
• D. Regulate body temperature

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The main function of white blood cells is to fight infection, making choice B the correct answer. White blood cells are a crucial component of the immune system, working to defend the body against pathogens and foreign invaders. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because white blood cells do not primarily transport oxygen, produce antibodies, or regulate body temperature. While some blood cells are involved in these functions, the primary role of white blood cells is to combat infections and maintain the body's immune response.

5. Define 'friction' in terms of opposing motion.

• A. A force that increases motion
• B. A force that accelerates motion
• C. A force that opposes motion
• D. A force that creates motion

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Friction is a force that opposes motion. When two surfaces are in contact, friction acts in the opposite direction to the motion or the potential motion between the two surfaces. It resists the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. Friction hinders or prevents motion rather than promoting it. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they suggest that friction increases, accelerates, or creates motion, which is inaccurate. The correct definition of friction is that it opposes motion, making choice C the most appropriate option.

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