Nursing Elites

1. During inhalation, which muscle contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. Intercostal muscles
• C. Abdominal muscles
• D. Pectoral muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation. When it contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs. While the intercostal muscles also play a role in expanding the chest cavity during inhalation, the diaphragm is the main muscle involved in this process. Abdominal muscles and pectoral muscles are not directly involved in the process of inhalation.

2. Antigen-antibody binding is the principle behind:

• A. Vaccination
• B. Disinfection
• C. Sterilization
• D. Antibiotic resistance

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Antigen-antibody binding is the principle behind vaccination. When a vaccine containing antigens (weakened or killed pathogens) is introduced into the body, the immune system produces antibodies that bind to these antigens. This binding triggers an immune response, leading to the production of memory cells that provide immunity against future infections by the same pathogen. Vaccination helps the body develop immunity without causing the disease itself, thereby protecting individuals from infectious diseases. Disinfection and sterilization involve different processes to eliminate or reduce pathogens on surfaces or objects. Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon where bacteria evolve to resist the effects of antibiotics and is not directly related to antigen-antibody binding.

3. Which part of the brain is responsible for processing vision?

• A. Occipital lobe
• B. Frontal lobe
• C. Temporal lobe
• D. Parietal lobe

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The occipital lobe is the part of the brain responsible for processing visual information. Located at the back of the brain, the occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex, which plays a crucial role in interpreting visual stimuli received from the eyes. The frontal lobe is primarily involved in higher cognitive functions, decision-making, and motor control, not vision processing. The temporal lobe is responsible for auditory processing, memory, and emotion, not vision. The parietal lobe is involved in sensory integration, spatial awareness, and perception of stimuli, but not specifically for visual processing.

4. What is the responsibility of the somatic nervous system?

• A. Breathing
• B. Thought
• C. Movement
• D. Fear

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The somatic nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. This system communicates sensory information and controls voluntary movements, such as walking or reaching for objects. Breathing is primarily regulated by the autonomic nervous system, which functions involuntarily. Thought processes involve complex interactions between various regions of the brain and are not directly controlled by the somatic nervous system. Fear is an emotional response that involves the limbic system of the brain and the autonomic nervous system, not the somatic nervous system.

5. In the reaction 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2, what is the limiting reactant when 3 moles of sodium react with 2 moles of water?

• A. Na
• B. H2O
• C. NaOH
• D. H2

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The balanced chemical equation indicates that 2 moles of sodium react with 2 moles of water to yield 2 moles of sodium hydroxide and 1 mole of hydrogen gas. When 3 moles of sodium react with only 2 moles of water, sodium becomes the limiting reactant as it is present in excess compared to the available water molecules. This situation arises because not all sodium atoms can fully react with the limited amount of water, resulting in sodium being the limiting reactant in this specific case. Choice B (H2O), choice C (NaOH), and choice D (H2) are incorrect as they are not the limiting reactant in the given reaction scenario.

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