Nursing Elites

1. During inhalation, which muscle contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. Intercostal muscles
• C. Abdominal muscles
• D. Pectoral muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation. When it contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs. While the intercostal muscles also play a role in expanding the chest cavity during inhalation, the diaphragm is the main muscle involved in this process. Abdominal muscles and pectoral muscles are not directly involved in the process of inhalation.

2. The Gram stain is a differential staining technique used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall composition. Gram-positive bacteria appear

• A. Pink
• B. Blue
• C. Red
• D. Purple

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The Gram stain is a differential staining technique that categorizes bacteria into two groups based on their cell wall composition: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining procedure. Consequently, Gram-positive bacteria appear purple under the microscope after staining. On the other hand, Gram-negative bacteria possess a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane that can be penetrated by the counterstain safranin, leading them to appear pink or red. Blue is not typically used to describe the color of bacteria in a Gram stain, making it an incorrect choice.

3. Which term refers to a position toward the head? Example: The hand is part of the superior extremity.

• A. Superior
• B. Inferior
• C. Medial
• D. Lateral

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Superior.' 'Superior' refers to a position toward the head, while 'inferior' is the term for a position toward the feet. In the given example, the hand belongs to the superior extremity, which includes structures closer to the head. 'Inferior' is incorrect as it refers to a position away from the head or toward the feet. 'Medial' describes a position closer to the midline of the body, while 'lateral' refers to a position farther away from the midline.

4. How does the mass of an object affect its inertia?

• A. Mass has no impact on inertia
• B. Higher mass increases inertia
• C. Higher mass decreases inertia
• D. Mass influences gravitational force, not inertia

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Inertia is the resistance of an object to changes in its state of motion. The greater the mass of an object, the greater its inertia because it requires more force to change its state of motion. This concept aligns with Newton's first law of motion, which states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an external force. Therefore, higher mass increases inertia, making it more difficult to alter the object's state of motion. Choice A is incorrect as mass does impact inertia. Choice C is incorrect as higher mass actually increases inertia, not decreases it. Choice D is incorrect as while mass does affect gravitational force, it also directly impacts inertia.

5. An atom has 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 6 electrons. What is the electric charge of this atom?

• A. Neutral
• B. Positive
• C. Negative
• D. Undetermined

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Negative.' An atom becomes negatively charged when it has more electrons than protons. In this case, the atom has 6 electrons and 5 protons, resulting in a net negative charge. Choice A 'Neutral' is incorrect because the atom is not balanced in terms of protons and electrons. Choice B 'Positive' is incorrect because having more electrons than protons results in a negative charge. Choice D 'Undetermined' is incorrect, as the charge can be determined based on the relative number of protons and electrons.

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