Nursing Elites

1. According to Newton's third law of motion, for every action, there is an equal and opposite _________.

• A. Reaction
• B. Force
• C. Acceleration
• D. Momentum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Newton's third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This law emphasizes that forces always exist in pairs. When one object exerts a force on a second object (action), the second object exerts an equal force in the opposite direction back on the first object (reaction). This principle is crucial in understanding the interactions between objects and the resulting motion observed in the physical world. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because while force is involved, the specific concept highlighted by Newton's third law is the equal and opposite reaction. Acceleration and momentum are also related to motion but are not directly tied to Newton's third law of motion, which focuses on the equality and oppositeness of forces in interactions.

2. What are substances that stimulate adaptive immunity called?

• A. Peptides
• B. Phagocytes
• C. Prions
• D. Platelets

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called peptides. Peptides are short chains of amino acids that play a crucial role in activating the immune response by interacting with immune cells such as T cells and B cells. Peptides are important in antigen presentation and recognition, leading to the development of specific immune responses against pathogens. Choice B, phagocytes, are cells that engulf and digest pathogens but are not substances that stimulate adaptive immunity. Choice C, prions, are infectious agents made of misfolded proteins and are not related to stimulating adaptive immunity. Choice D, platelets, are cell fragments involved in blood clotting and have no direct role in stimulating adaptive immunity.

3. Which of the following is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?

• A. Knee
• B. Hip
• C. Elbow
• D. Wrist

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Hip. The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint, characterized by the spherical head of one bone (femur) fitting into the cup-like socket of another bone (pelvis). This structure allows for a wide range of motion in multiple directions, such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as the knee, elbow, and wrist joints are not ball-and-socket joints. The knee is a hinge joint, allowing flexion and extension movements. The elbow is a hinge joint that allows flexion and extension, while the wrist is a condyloid joint permitting flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction movements.

4. What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, both related to insulin and blood sugar?

• A. Type 1 is caused by insulin resistance, type 2 by insulin deficiency.
• B. Type 1 is temporary, type 2 is permanent.
• C. Type 1 affects adults, type 2 affects children.
• D. Type 1 is treated with diet only, type 2 requires medication.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes lies in their underlying causes. Type 1 diabetes is caused by the body's inability to produce insulin, while type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body doesn't effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin resistance is a key feature of type 2 diabetes, distinguishing it from type 1 where insulin deficiency is the primary issue. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes can both be chronic conditions, affecting individuals of different age groups, and typically require a combination of diet, exercise, and medication for management.

5. In a closed system with a gas at constant volume, what will happen to the temperature if the pressure is increased?

• A. The temperature will stay the same
• B. The temperature will decrease
• C. The temperature will increase
• D. It cannot be determined with the information given

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In a closed system with a gas at constant volume, according to Gay-Lussac's law, the temperature of a gas is directly proportional to its pressure. When the pressure is increased, the temperature of the gas will also increase. This relationship is a direct consequence of the ideal gas law, where pressure and temperature are directly proportional when volume is held constant. Therefore, as pressure increases in a closed system with constant volume, the temperature of the gas will increase. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. The temperature will not stay the same (Choice A) or decrease (Choice B) when the pressure is increased in this scenario. The relationship between pressure and temperature in a closed system with constant volume allows for a definitive conclusion about the increase in temperature when pressure is increased, making Choice D, which suggests inability to determine, incorrect.

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