Nursing Elites

1. You have been asked to help a top nutrition researcher conduct human experiments on vitamin C. As the subjects walk into the laboratory, you distribute all the vitamin C pill bottles to the girls and all the placebo pill bottles to the boys. What should you have done?

• A. Giving all the boys the vitamin C and the girls the placebo, and telling them what they were getting.
• B. Distributing the bottles randomly, randomizing the subjects, and telling them what they were getting.
• C. Telling the subjects which group they were in, but preventing yourself from knowing the contents of the pill bottles.
• D. Preventing yourself from knowing what is in the pill bottles, and distributing the bottles randomly to the subjects.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct approach in a scientific experiment is to prevent yourself from knowing the contents of the pill bottles and distribute them randomly to the subjects. This randomization helps to avoid bias and ensures that the results are not influenced by preconceived notions. Option A is incorrect because it introduces gender bias by assigning pills based on gender. Option B is incorrect as it mentions telling the subjects what they are getting, which could lead to placebo effects. Option C is incorrect as it suggests disclosing group information to the subjects, which can also introduce bias.

2. Farah is viewing an exciting sports match of her favorite team and eating because of nervousness. Her food choice will most likely be based on ___.

• A. regional cuisines
• B. preferences
• C. emotional comfort
• D. positive association

Correct answer: C

Rationale: During stressful situations like watching an exciting sports match, individuals often seek emotional comfort through food. This emotional connection can lead Farah to choose foods that provide comfort or familiarity rather than being based on regional cuisines (choice A), general preferences (choice B), or positive associations (choice D). Farah's food choice is likely driven by the need for emotional comfort to alleviate her nervousness, making option C the most suitable answer.

3. What is one characteristic that differentiates vitamins from minerals?

• A. Vitamins are organic compounds.
• B. Vitamins provide energy.
• C. Vitamins are considered micronutrients.
• D. Vitamins are essential in small amounts.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Vitamins are organic compounds, containing carbon, which is a key characteristic that differentiates them from minerals. Choice B is incorrect because vitamins do not provide energy; they are not a source of calories. Choice C is incorrect as both vitamins and minerals are considered micronutrients due to being essential in small amounts. Choice D is incorrect because while it is true that vitamins are needed in small amounts, this is not the characteristic that sets them apart from minerals.

4. What is a common sign of dehydration in infants?

• A. Decreased urination
• B. Dry mouth and lips
• C. Increased appetite
• D. Normal skin turgor

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Dry mouth and lips are common signs of dehydration in infants. When an infant is dehydrated, the body conserves water, resulting in less urine production and concentrated urine. This leads to decreased frequency of urination rather than frequent urination, making choice A incorrect. Choice C, increased appetite, is not typically associated with dehydration in infants but rather with normal growth and development. Normal skin turgor, as mentioned in choice D, is a sign of hydration and not dehydration, making it an incorrect choice. Therefore, the correct answer is B, dry mouth and lips, which indicate a need for fluid replacement.

5. What is one major weakness of a laboratory-based study?

• A. The costs are typically prohibitive.
• B. Findings are difficult to replicate.
• C. Results from animal testing cannot be applied to human beings.
• D. Experimental variables cannot be easily controlled.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: One major weakness of laboratory-based studies is that results from animal testing cannot always be applied to human beings. This limitation arises due to the inherent biological differences between animals and humans, making the generalization of findings challenging. While costs may be a concern in some cases, they do not represent a universal weakness of laboratory-based studies. Findings in such studies can be replicated to ensure validity, and experimental variables can be effectively controlled in a laboratory setting. Choice C is the correct answer because the translatability of results from animal studies to humans is a significant challenge in laboratory-based research, impacting the direct application of findings to human health and well-being.

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