Nursing Elites

1. Which structure helps regulate body temperature by constricting or dilating in response to temperature changes?

• A. Sebaceous glands
• B. Hair follicles
• C. Sweat glands
• D. Langerhans cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Sweat glands play a crucial role in regulating body temperature by producing sweat that evaporates from the skin surface. This evaporation cools the body when it is hot and helps to maintain a stable internal temperature. Sebaceous glands produce oil to lubricate the skin, hair follicles are responsible for hair growth, and Langerhans cells are a type of immune cell in the skin. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Sweat glands' as they are specifically designed to respond to temperature changes by constricting or dilating to help regulate body temperature.

2. Glial cells support and protect neurons within the central and peripheral nervous system. What are they called?

• A. Astrocytes
• B. Neuroglia
• C. Oligodendrocytes
• D. Schwann cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Astrocytes are a type of glial cell that provide support and protection for neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. While the term 'Neuroglia' is often used to refer to glial cells collectively, in this context, the question specifically asks for the name of the cells, making 'Astrocytes' the correct answer. Choice B, 'Neuroglia,' is a general term for all glial cells, not a specific type. Choices C and D, 'Oligodendrocytes' and 'Schwann cells,' are also types of glial cells but are not the primary cells responsible for supporting and protecting neurons as described in the question.

3. What is the relationship between the frequency and period of a wave?

• A. They are unrelated
• B. Frequency = Period
• C. Frequency = 1/Period
• D. Period = 1/Frequency

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct relationship between frequency and period of a wave is that Period = 1/Frequency. This relationship indicates that the period of a wave is the reciprocal of its frequency. Frequency refers to the number of complete cycles of a wave occurring in a unit of time, while the period is the time taken for one complete cycle of the wave to occur. As frequency and period are inversely related, the correct formula to express this relationship is Period = 1/Frequency. Choice A is incorrect as frequency and period are related. Choice B is incorrect as frequency and period are not equal. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests that frequency is directly proportional to period, which is not the case.

4. Which of the following best describes the process of osmosis?

• A. Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient
• B. Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
• C. Movement of water and solutes together
• D. Movement of large molecules through a membrane

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Osmosis is the process where water moves across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Choice A is incorrect because osmosis does not involve movement against the concentration gradient. Choice C is incorrect because osmosis primarily involves the movement of water, not water and solutes together. Choice D is incorrect as osmosis specifically refers to the movement of water molecules, not large molecules, through a membrane.

5. What is the main component of stomach acid?

• A. Hydrochloric acid
• B. Bicarbonate
• C. Bile salts
• D. Enzymes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Stomach acid, also known as gastric acid, is primarily composed of hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid plays a crucial role in the digestive process by helping to break down food and kill bacteria in the stomach. Bicarbonate is a base that helps neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine, but it is not the main component of stomach acid. Bile salts are produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aiding in the digestion and absorption of fats, but they are not the main component of stomach acid. Enzymes are proteins that help catalyze chemical reactions in the body, including the breakdown of food molecules during digestion, but they are not the main component of stomach acid.

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