Nursing Elites

1. What is the functional group present in aldehydes?

• A. Hydroxyl
• B. Carbonyl
• C. Ester
• D. Amine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Carbonyl. Aldehydes contain the functional group -CHO, which is a carbonyl group where a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydrogen atom. This distinguishes aldehydes from other functional groups. Choice A, Hydroxyl (-OH), is not characteristic of aldehydes as it is found in alcohols. Choice C, Ester (-COOR), and choice D, Amine (-NH2), represent different functional groups not typically found in aldehydes. Therefore, the correct functional group present in aldehydes is the carbonyl group.

2. What is the Golgi apparatus?

• A. A network of tubules that transport proteins and lipids throughout the cell
• B. A sac-like structure that stores water and nutrients
• C. The site of protein synthesis
• D. The site of protein modification and packaging

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The Golgi apparatus is an organelle in the cell responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport to their final destinations. It consists of a series of flattened sacs called cisternae and plays a crucial role in processing proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Option A is incorrect because the network of tubules that transport proteins and lipids throughout the cell is typically associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Option B is incorrect as the structure described is more characteristic of a vacuole, which stores water and nutrients. Option C is incorrect as protein synthesis primarily occurs in the ribosomes, not the Golgi apparatus.

3. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in the:

• A. Center of long bones
• B. Joints between bones
• C. Muscle tissue
• D. Walls of blood vessels

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in the joints between bones. It provides cushioning and support for the bones, allowing smooth movement and reducing friction between them. Cartilage acts as a shock absorber and helps maintain the structural integrity of the joints. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because cartilage is not typically found in the center of long bones, muscle tissue, or the walls of blood vessels. Cartilage primarily functions in providing structural support and flexibility in joints.

4. Which technology allows scientists to directly edit the human genome?

• A. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• B. Gel electrophoresis
• C. DNA sequencing
• D. CRISPR-Cas9

Correct answer: D

Rationale: CRISPR-Cas9 is the correct answer. A) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used for amplifying specific DNA segments, not directly editing the human genome. B) Gel electrophoresis is for separating DNA fragments by size, not for genome editing. C) DNA sequencing determines DNA nucleotide order but does not directly edit the genome. D) CRISPR-Cas9 technology enables precise modifications in the DNA of organisms, including humans. It guides the Cas9 enzyme to specific genome locations for targeted edits, revolutionizing genetic research and offering various applications in gene editing and therapy. Unlike the other techniques mentioned, CRISPR-Cas9 is specifically designed to make changes in the genetic code itself, making it a powerful tool for genetic manipulation.

5. Differentiate between genotype and phenotype in the context of gene expression.

• A. Genotype refers to the physical manifestation of a trait, while phenotype represents its underlying genetic makeup.
• B. Genotype encompasses the spectrum of possible traits encoded by an organism's genes, while phenotype signifies the specific trait observed.
• C. Genotype denotes the presence of dominant alleles, while phenotype reflects the influence of recessive alleles.
• D. There is no distinction; both terms are interchangeable.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: - Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, including all the genes and alleles it possesses. - Phenotype, on the other hand, refers to the observable physical characteristics or traits of an organism, which result from the interaction between its genotype and the environment. - While genotype represents the genetic potential or range of traits that an organism can express, phenotype reflects the actual expression of specific traits. - Therefore, option B correctly captures the distinction between genotype and phenotype in the context of gene expression.

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