Nursing Elites

1. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

• A. Interphase
• B. Mitosis
• C. Meiosis
• D. Cytokinesis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell spends the majority of its time and is characterized by three subphases: G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), and G2 (Gap 2). DNA replication specifically occurs during the S phase of interphase. This is a crucial step as it ensures that each daughter cell produced during cell division receives an exact copy of the genetic material. Mitosis is responsible for the equal distribution of the replicated DNA to the daughter cells during cell division. Meiosis is a specialized cell division process for gamete production in sexually reproducing organisms, involving two rounds of division to generate haploid cells. Cytokinesis is the final step of the cell cycle, where the cytoplasm divides to complete the formation of two separate daughter cells following nuclear division.

2. Which type of waves travel by causing particles in the medium to vibrate parallel to the direction of wave travel?

• A. Transverse waves
• B. Longitudinal waves
• C. Surface waves
• D. Electromagnetic waves

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Longitudinal waves are waves in which particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave travel. These waves are characterized by compressions and rarefactions in the medium, where particles move back and forth in the same direction as the wave. Transverse waves, on the other hand, cause particles to vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave travel. Surface waves combine both longitudinal and transverse motion, making them different from pure longitudinal waves. Electromagnetic waves, unlike longitudinal and transverse waves, do not require a medium and can travel through a vacuum.

3. What term describes the front of the body, for example, the kneecap?

• A. Posterior
• B. Anterior
• C. Superior
• D. Inferior

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'B: Anterior.' In anatomy, 'anterior' refers to the front of the body, like the kneecap. On the other hand, 'posterior' describes the back of the body. Choices 'C: Superior' and 'D: Inferior' relate to structures being above or below a reference point, respectively, and are not used to describe the front or back of the body. Therefore, 'Anterior' is the most appropriate term given the context provided in the question.

4. Which type of cells make up the myelin sheaths?

• A. Glial cells.
• B. Dendrites.
• C. Melanocytes.
• D. Squamous cells.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Glial cells. Glial cells are responsible for producing the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate nerve cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system are types of glial cells that form the myelin sheaths. Choice B, dendrites, are not involved in forming myelin sheaths; they are extensions of neurons that receive signals. Choice C, melanocytes, are cells responsible for producing melanin, not myelin. Choice D, squamous cells, are flat epithelial cells found in various tissues but are not involved in myelin sheath formation.

5. Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?

• A. Femur
• B. Humerus
• C. Skull
• D. Pelvis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Skull. The axial skeleton consists of bones along the body's central axis, including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the femur, humerus, and pelvis are part of the appendicular skeleton, which comprises the bones of the limbs and girdles.

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