Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following components of the human integumentary system is the deepest?

• A. Stratum basale
• B. Epidermis
• C. Hypodermis
• D. Dermis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The hypodermis is the deepest layer of the integumentary system, located below the dermis. It serves as a layer of fat that helps insulate the body, store energy, and provide cushioning. The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis, not the entire integumentary system. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, followed by the dermis, and then the hypodermis. Therefore, the correct answer is the hypodermis (choice C). Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the deepest layer of the integumentary system.

2. What is the structure that attaches to each chromosome during mitosis?

• A. Centromere
• B. Telomere
• C. Spindle apparatus
• D. Nucleolus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the centromere. It is the structure that attaches to each chromosome during mitosis. The centromere serves as the attachment point for spindle fibers during cell division, ensuring proper distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells. Telomeres are found at the ends of chromosomes, providing protection and stability. The spindle apparatus is responsible for separating chromosomes during cell division. The nucleolus, located within the nucleus, is involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis and not in chromosome attachment during mitosis.

3. The adrenal cortex produces a group of steroid hormones called corticosteroids. What is a MAJOR function of corticosteroids?

• A. Regulate insulin sensitivity and blood sugar levels
• B. Control blood pressure and electrolyte balance
• C. Stimulate the immune system and inflammatory response
• D. Promote growth and development during puberty

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Corticosteroids, produced by the adrenal cortex, primarily function to control blood pressure and electrolyte balance. One of the key corticosteroids, aldosterone, plays a crucial role in regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body. This regulation is essential for maintaining blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because corticosteroids do not primarily regulate insulin sensitivity and blood sugar levels, stimulate the immune system and inflammatory response, or promote growth and development during puberty. While corticosteroids can have effects on insulin sensitivity, immune response, and growth, their major role is in maintaining blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

4. Which of the following correctly orders the route of a fetus during childbirth?

• A. Uterus, cervix, vagina
• B. Cervix, uterus, vagina
• C. Uterus, vas deferens, vagina
• D. Ovary, fallopian tube, uterus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct route of a fetus during childbirth is from the uterus, through the cervix, and then out through the vagina. The contractions of the uterus help push the fetus through the cervix and out through the vaginal canal during childbirth. Choice B is incorrect as it reverses the order of the cervix and uterus. Choice C is incorrect as it includes the vas deferens, which is not part of the female reproductive system. Choice D is incorrect as it lists structures from the female reproductive system but in the wrong order for childbirth.

5. What is the main function of the large intestine?

• A. To absorb proteins
• B. To absorb water and form feces
• C. To produce enzymes for digestion
• D. To store fat

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The main function of the large intestine is to absorb water and form feces from waste material. Choice A is incorrect because the absorption of proteins primarily occurs in the small intestine. Choice C is incorrect as the production of enzymes for digestion mainly takes place in the pancreas and small intestine. Choice D is incorrect as the storage of fat is not a primary function of the large intestine.

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